1. What amendment includes the guarantee against cruel and unusual punishment? 2

1. What amendment includes the guarantee against cruel and unusual punishment?
2. Why was imprisonment not used as a form of punishment in early criminal procedures?
3. What contribution did William Penn make to the sentencing procedure?
4. What is the primary purpose behind sentencing an offender?
5. List the different forms of punishment that may presently be imposed upon a convicted offender.
6. Explain the significance of each of the following types of sentences:
a. The definite sentence; b. The indefinite sentence; c. The indeterminate sentence
7. What is the primary purpose of granting probation?
8. Why has the alternative sentence of a fine of $30 or thirty days in jail been criticized?
9. List three grounds on which the defendant may appeal a conviction.
10. Why is the prosecution limited in its right to appeal a verdict of acquittal in most jurisdictions?
11. What is the purpose of an appellate citation?
12. Explain the meaning of the following citation: Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79 (1986).