Concept Map Template
Primary Diagnosis: ___________________________________________________________
1. Describe the pathophysiology of the primary diagnosis in your own words. What are the patient’s risk factors for this diagnosis?
Pathophysiology of Primary Diagnosis
Causes
Risk Factors (genetic/ethnic/physical)
2. What are the patient’s signs and symptoms for this diagnosis? How does the diagnosis impact other body systems and what are the possible complications?
Signs and Symptoms – Common presentation
How does the diagnosis impact each body system? Complications?
3. What are other potential diagnosis that present in a similar way to this diagnosis (differentials)?
4. What diagnostic tests or labs would you order to rule out the differentials for this patient or confirm the primary diagnosis?
5. What treatment options would you consider? Include possible referrals and medications.
### Concept Map Template
#### Primary Diagnosis: Diabetes Mellitus Type 2
#### 1. Describe the pathophysiology of the primary diagnosis in your own words. What are the patient’s risk factors for this diagnosis?
**Pathophysiology of Primary Diagnosis:**
Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and an eventual decline in insulin production by the pancreas. The body’s cells become less responsive to insulin, leading to elevated blood glucose levels. Over time, high blood glucose levels can cause damage to various organs and tissues, leading to complications.
**Causes:**
– Genetic predisposition
– Lifestyle factors such as poor diet, lack of physical activity, and obesity
– Environmental factors
**Risk Factors (genetic/ethnic/physical):**
– Family history of diabetes
– Obesity
– Sedentary lifestyle
– Age (risk increases with age)
– Ethnicity (higher prevalence in African American, Hispanic, Native American, and Asian populations)
– History of gestational diabetes
– Hypertension and dyslipidemia
#### 2. What are the patient’s signs and symptoms for this diagnosis? How does the diagnosis impact other body systems and what are the possible complications?
**Signs and Symptoms – Common Presentation:**
– Polyuria (frequent urination)
– Polydipsia (increased thirst)
– Polyphagia (increased hunger)
– Unexplained weight loss
– Fatigue
– Blurred vision
– Slow-healing sores or frequent infections
– Tingling or numbness in the hands or feet
**How does the diagnosis impact each body system? Complications:**
**Cardiovascular System:**
– Increased risk of heart disease, hypertension, and stroke
**Nervous System:**
– Diabetic neuropathy leading to pain, tingling, or loss of sensation
**Renal System:**
– Diabetic nephropathy potentially leading to chronic kidney disease
**Ocular System:**
– Diabetic retinopathy leading to vision loss
**Integumentary System:**
– Increased susceptibility to skin infections and poor wound healing
**Musculoskeletal System:**
– Increased risk of joint problems and decreased mobility
**Overall Health:**
– Increased risk of infections and overall reduced quality of life
#### 3. What are other potential diagnoses that present in a similar way to this diagnosis (differentials)?
– Diabetes Mellitus Type 1
– Metabolic Syndrome
– Cushing’s Syndrome
– Hyperthyroidism
– Chronic Kidney Disease
– Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)
– Pheochromocytoma
#### 4. What diagnostic tests or labs would you order to rule out the differentials for this patient or confirm the primary diagnosis?
– **Fasting Plasma Glucose Test:** Measures blood glucose after an overnight fast
– **HbA1c Test:** Measures average blood glucose levels over the past 2-3 months
– **Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT):** Measures blood glucose before and after consuming a glucose drink
– **Random Plasma Glucose Test:** Measures blood glucose at any time of day
– **Lipid Profile:** To assess for dyslipidemia
– **Urinalysis:** To check for glucose, ketones, and protein in the urine
– **Renal Function Tests:** To assess kidney function
– **Thyroid Function Tests:** To rule out thyroid disorders
#### 5. What treatment options would you consider? Include possible referrals and medications.
**Treatment Options:**
**Lifestyle Modifications:**
– Dietary changes (e.g., reduced carbohydrate intake, increased fiber)
– Regular physical activity
– Weight management
**Medications:**
– **Metformin:** First-line medication to improve insulin sensitivity
– **Sulfonylureas:** To increase insulin production (e.g., glipizide)
– **DPP-4 Inhibitors:** To increase insulin release (e.g., sitagliptin)
– **GLP-1 Receptor Agonists:** To increase insulin secretion and decrease glucagon (e.g., liraglutide)
– **SGLT2 Inhibitors:** To increase glucose excretion in urine (e.g., empagliflozin)
– **Insulin Therapy:** For patients with advanced disease or inadequate control with oral medications
**Referrals:**
– **Endocrinologist:** For specialized diabetes management
– **Dietitian:** For nutritional counseling and meal planning
– **Diabetes Educator:** For education on managing diabetes and self-care practices
– **Podiatrist:** For foot care and prevention of diabetic foot complications
– **Ophthalmologist:** For regular eye exams to monitor for diabetic retinopathy
– **Nephrologist:** If there are signs of kidney involvement
– **Mental Health Professional:** For support with managing the psychological impact of chronic disease
By following this concept map, healthcare providers can systematically approach the diagnosis, management, and treatment of Diabetes Mellitus Type 2, ensuring comprehensive and individualized patient care.
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