Case Study #2 –  Immediately after a laparoscopic hernia repair, the surgeon ord

Case Study #2 – 
Immediately after a laparoscopic hernia repair, the surgeon ordered a straight urinary catheterization to drain urine from the bladder and to check for the presence of blood in the urine which would indicate possible bladder injury during the procedure. The surgeon then left the OR. 
ARN subsequently inserted a Foley catheter with an inflatable retention bulb, rather than the straight catheter. She then had a second nurse inflate the bulb while the catheter was still in the urethra, not bladder.
The inflation of the bulb caused a tear in the urethra, requiring a second unsuccessful catheterization by the surgeon and an eventual abdominal catheterization by a urologist. The patient subsequently sued the 2 nurses, the surgeon and the outpatient surgical center for negligence. 
Based on the information presented, please answer the following questions: 
1. Was there professional negligence (malpractice) in this case? If so, why? liable? 
2. Who would be liable? How would you determine the percentage of liability for the multiple defendants, assuming than more than 1 defendant should be assessed with damages? Include specific % numbers.
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3. From this case, what specific lesson(s) can be learned for nurses?