Chapter 2, Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology: Environmental Agents Understanding Cellular Adaptation and Injury Question 1 of 9 Report content error Which cellular adaptation would occur in a person with chronic hypertension? Atrophy Atrophy is the reduction in cell size and would not occur in a person with chronic hypertension. Correct Hypertrophy Hypertrophy is a […]
Dosage Calculation NSG 520 Pathophysiology & Pharmacology Question 1 of 6 Which medication can be cut in half? Enteric coated Enteric-coated tablets are meant to dissolve and be absorbed in the intestine rather than in the stomach. Cutting them can lead to stomach irritation and the acid may inactivate the drug. Capsule Cutting a capsule […]
Chapter 5, Genes, Environment-Lifestyle, and Common Diseases Understanding Genetics of Common Diseases What are the prevalence and causes of congenital malformations? Some common multifactorial disorders, the congenital malformations, are present at birth. Others, including heart disease, cancer, diabetes, and most psychiatric disorders, are seen primarily in adolescents and adults. These disorders are complex, and unraveling […]
How are schizophrenia and bipolar disorder affected by genetic factors? The major psychiatric diseases, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder have been the subjects of numerous genetic studies. Twins, adoption, and family studies have shown that both disorders aggregate in families. Genetic studies of psychiatric disorders are challenging because these disorders are undoubtedly heterogeneous, reflecting the influence […]
How are genes associated with Alzheimer disease? Alzheimer disease (AD) is responsible for 50% to 80% of cases of progressive cognitive impairment (dementia) among older adults. It affects approximately 1 in 10 individuals older than 65 years of age and 1 in 3 individuals older than 85 years of age. Due to the aging of […]
How are genes associated with susceptibility to alcohol addiction? Alcoholism (now formally termed alcohol use disorder) is diagnosed in approximately 10% of adult males and 3% to 5% of adult females in the United States. The national cost of alcoholism, in terms of lost productivity and direct medical costs, is approximately $250 billion per year. […]
What is the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes? Type 2 diabetes accounts for more than 90% of all diabetes cases and affects 10% to 20% of the adult populations of many high-income countries. Several features distinguish it from type 1 diabetes. There is always some endogenous insulin production in people with type 2 diabetes, and […]
How does genetics affect type 1 diabetes? The etiology of diabetes mellitus, like other disorders, is complex and not fully understood. Progress is being made in understanding the genetic basis of this disorder, which is a leading cause of blindness, heart disease, and kidney failure. Diabetes is a heterogeneous group of disorders, all characterized by […]
How do genes correlate with cancer? Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. It is well established that many major types of cancer (e.g., breast, colon, prostate, ovarian) cluster strongly in families. Clustering is caused by both inherited genes and shared environmental factors. Numerous cancer-causing genes are being isolated but […]
How do genetic and environmental factors affect blood pressure? Systemic hypertension has a worldwide prevalence of approximately 25% to 30%. It is a key risk factor for heart disease, stroke, and kidney disease. Blood pressure correlations within families indicate that approximately 20% to 40% of the variation in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure is […]