83
Gwtqrgcp”Lqwtpcn”qh “Vqwtkuo.”Jqurkvcnkv{“cpf”Tgetgcvkqp
Vol. 5, Issue 2, pp 83-102, 2014
© 2014 Polytechnic Institute of Leiria. All rights reserved
www.ejthr.com Printed in Portugal
EJTHR Research Tourism
José Manuel Hernández Mogollón.”RjF”kp”Geqpqokeu”cpf”Dwukpguu”Cfokpkuvtcvkqp.”
ku”rtqhguuqt”qh “Vqwtkuo”Octmgvkpi.”cpf”Fktgevqt”qh “Tgugctej”Wpkv”OCTMGVWT”*Octmgvkpi”
cpf”Vqwtkuo”Ocpcigogpv+”wpfgt”vjg”Wpkxgtukv{“qh “Gzvtgocfwtc0″Jg”ku”jgcf”qh “vjg”Ocuvgt”
kp”Vqwtkuo0″CwvjqtÔu”gockn<“lojgtfg¦Bwpgz0gu0”José Antonio Folgado-Fernandez PhD in
Geqpqokeu”cpf”Dwukpguu”Cfokpkuvtcvkqp.”ku”rtqhguuqt”qh “Dwukpguu”Cfokpkuvtcvkqp”htqo”vjg”
Wpkxgtukv{“qh “”Gzvtgocfwtc0″CwvjqtÔu”gockn<“lchqnicfqBwpgz0gu0”Paulo Alexandre Oliveira
Duarte.”RjF”kp”Ocpcigogpv.”ku”rtqhguuqt”qh “Octmgvkpi”kp”vjg”Ocpcigogpv”cpf”Geqpqokeu”
Fgrctvogpv”cpf”tgugctejgt”cv”PGEG”*Tgugctej”Wpkv”kp”Dwukpguu”Uekgpegu+”cv”vjg”Wpkxgtukv{”
qh “Dgktc”Kpvgtkqt.”Rqtvwicn0″Jg”ku”vjg”jgcf”qh “vjg”Ocuvgt”kp”Octmgvkpi0″CwvjqtÔu”gockn<“rfwctvgBwdk0rv0”
EVENT TOURISM ANALYSIS AND
STATE OF THE ART
José Manuel Hernández-Mogollón and José Antonio
Folgado-Fernández
University of Extremadura, Spain
Paulo Alexandre Oliveira Duarte
University of Beira Interior, Portugal
ABSTRACT: Kp”vjg”ncuv”fgecfgu.”vjg”ghhgev”qh “inqdcnk¦cvkqp”qp”yqtnf”vqwtkuo”jcu”ngf”vq”kpetgcugf”eqorgvkvkqp”dgvyggp”fguvkpcvkqpu”kp”ugctej”hqt”vjg”qrvkocn”rqukvkqpkpi0″Kp”vjku”uegpctkq.”
gxgpvu”jcxg”dgeqog”cp”guugpvkcn”gngogpv”kp”vjg”vqwtkuo”fgxgnqrogpv”qh “fguvkpcvkqpu.”cvvtcev”
xkukvqtu.”gpeqwtcig”kpxguvogpv.”kortqxg”kocig”cpf”dqquv”vjg”nqecn”geqpqo{0″Vjku”ctvkengÔu”ockp”
qdlgevkxg”ku”vq”gzrcpf”vjg”mpqyngfig”qh “vjku”rjgpqogpqp”htqo”c”vjgqtgvkecn”cpf”eqpegrvwcn”
xkgyrqkpv”dcugf”qp”cp”gzvgpukxg”tgxkgy”qh “vjg”nkvgtcvwtg0″Vjg”Þpfkpiu”jgnr”vq”uvtgpivjgp”cpf”
u{pvjgvk¦g”vjg”dcuke”mpqyngfig”qp”gxgpvu.”vjg”kpàwgpeg”qp”fguvkpcvkqp”kocig”cpf”rqukvkqpkpi”uvtcvgikgu.”dgkpi”xcnkf”hqt”dqvj”tgugctejgtu”cpf”fguvkpcvkqp”ocpcigtu0″Keywords: Tourism
Gxgpvu.”Eqorgvkvkxgpguu.”Octmgvkpi”vqwtkuo.”Fguvkpcvkqp”kocig0
RESUMEN<“Gp”ncu”¿nvkocu”ffiecfcu.”gn”ghgevq”fg”nc”inqdcnk¦cek„p”uqdtg”gn”vwtkuoq”owpfkcn”
jc”eqpfwekfq”cn”cwogpvq”fg”nc”eqorgvgpekc”gpvtg”nqu”fguvkpqu”gp”d¿uswgfc”fgn”rqukekqpcokento ideal. En este escenario los eventos se vuelven en un elemento esencial para el desartqnnq”fgn”vwtkuoq”fg”fguvkpqu.”wpc”xg¦”swg”cvtcgp”xkukvcpvgu.”kpegpvkxcp”cn”kpxguvkogpvq.”oglqtcp”nc”kocigp”g”korwnucp”nc”geqpqo‡c”nqecn0″Gn”rtkpekrcn”qdlgvkxq”fg”guvg”ctv‡ewnq”gu”gn”fg”
cornkct”gn”eqpqekokgpvq”fg”gug”hgp„ogpq”c”rctvkt”fg”wp”rwpvq”fg”xkuvc”vg„tkeq”{“eqpegrvwcn”
dcucfq”gp”wpc”gzvgpuc”tgxkuk„p”fg”nc”nkvgtcvwtc0″Nqu”tguwnvcfqu”c{wfcp”c”tghqt¦ct”{“ukpvgvk¦ct”
nqu”eqpqekokgpvqu”dƒukequ”uqdtg”nqu”ceqpvgekokgpvqu.”nc”kpàwgpekc”gp”nc”kocigp”fg”fguvkpq”{”
en las estrategias de posicionamiento, siendo válido para investigadores y gestores de destinos.
Palabras clave<“Gxgpvqu”Vwt‡uvkequ.”Eqorgvkvkxkfcf.”Octmgvkpi”Vwt‡uvkeq.”kocigp”fg”fguvkpq0”
RESUMO<“Pcu”¿nvkocu”ffiecfcu.”q”ghgkvq”fc”inqdcnk¦c›«q”uqdtg”q”vwtkuoq”owpfkcn”vgo”ngxcfq”cq”cwogpvq”fc”eqpeqtt‒pekc”gpvtg”qu”fguvkpqu”go”dwuec”fq”rqukekqpcogpvq”kfgcn0″Pguvg”
cenário os eventos tornaram-se um elemento essencial para o desenvolvimento do turismo de
destinos, pois atraem visitantes, incentivam o investimento, melhoram a imagem e impulsionco”c”geqpqokc”nqecn0″Q”rtkpekrcn”qdlgvkxq”fguvg”ctvkiq”fi”q”fg”cornkct”q”eqpjgekogpvq”fguug”
hgp„ogpq”c”rctvkt”fg”wo”rqpvq”fg”xkuvc”vg„tkeq”g”eqpegrvwcn”dcugcfq”pwoc”gzvgpuc”tgxku«q”
84 GXGPV”VQWTKUO”CPCN[UKU
fc”nkvgtcvwtc0″Qu”tguwnvcfqu”clwfco”c”hqtvcngegt”g”ukpvgvk¦ct”qu”eqpjgekogpvqu”dƒukequ”uqdtg”
qu”ceqpvgekogpvqu.”c”kpàw‒pekc”pc”kocigo”fg”fguvkpq”g”pcu”guvtcvfiikcu”fg”rqukekqpcogpvq.”
ugpfq”xƒnkfq”rctc”rguswkucfqtgu”g”iguvqtgu”fg”fguvkpqu0″Palavras-chave: Eventos Turísticos,
Eqorgvkvkxkfcfg.”Octmgvkpi”Vwt‡uvkeq.”kocigo”fg”fguvkpq0
KPVTQFWEVKQP
Jquvkpi”urgekcn”gxgpvu”jcu”dgeqog”cp”korqtvcpv”gngogpv”kp”ekvkgu”
and regions’ strategy in order to attract visitors and investments, provide
c”oclqt”dqquv”vq”vjg”vqwtkuo”ugevqt”cpf”vwtp”kpvq”c”oclqt”eqpvtkdwvqt”
vq”kortqxg”vjg”fguvkpcvkqp”eqorgvkvkxgpguu”*Igv¦.”422:+0
Gxgpvu”ctg”urgekcn”egngdtcvkqpu”vjcv”ctg”rncppgf”cpf”qticpk¦gf”kp”c”
rnceg”d{“fkhhgtgpv”rwdnke”kpuvkvwvkqpu”qt”rtkxcvg”qticpk¦cvkqpu”cpf”oc{”
eqpvckp”c”pwodgt”qh “cevkxkvkgu0″Gxgpvu”oc{“dg”c”hqto”qh “vqwtkuo”qhhgt”kp”yjkej”vjg”eqpvgpv”qh “vjg”gxgpvu”ku”cuuqekcvgf”ykvj”vjg”urgekÞe”
resources of the place where it is held to attract potential visitors and
where a range of tourism programs is planned related to natural and
qvjgt”vqwtkuv”tguqwtegu”cpf”xcnwgu0″Gxgpvu”ecp”dg”encuukÞgf”ceeqtfkpi”
vq”eqpvgpv.”nqecvkqp.”ueqrg.”uk¦g”cpf”korqtvcpeg”*Igv¦.”3;;9+0
The organization of tourist events has a positive impact on a place
qt”c”tgikqp”d{“igpgtcvkpi”geqpqoke”rtqÞv”dcugf”qp”vjg”kpeqog”htqo”
the sale of products and services of different activities connected to
vjg”gxgpv.”d{“kpetgcukpi”vjg”vqwtkuv”vwtpqxgt”yjkej”kortqxgu”vjg”swcnity of restaurants and infrastructure
Vjku”ctvkeng”cpcn{ugu”vjg”vjgqtgvkecn”htcogyqtmu”qh “gxgpvu”ocpcigment through a thoughtful review of the literature on the nature, clasukÞecvkqp.”ockp”xctkcdngu”cpf”kornkecvkqpu”qh “gxgpvu”qp”vjg”kocig”qh ”
vjg”jquvkpi”rnceg0″Cu”gxgpv”vqwtkuo”gogtigu”cu”c”mg{“ctgc”vq”fguvkpcvkqpuÔ”kocig”cpf”geqpqo{.”yg”wpfgtuvcpf”vjcv”vjg”xcnwg”qh “vjku”yqtm”
ecp”dg”vyqhqnf<
̋” Qp”qpg”jcpf.”vjtqwij”vjg”kfgpvkÞecvkqp”cpf”fkuewuukqp”qh “egpvtcn””””””””””
eqpegrvu.”kv”eqpvtkdwvgu”vq”vjg”rtqitguu”qh “uekgpvkÞe”mpqyngfig”
in an area with great potential for research development.
̋” Cnvgtpcvkxgn{.”kv”oc{“dg”korqtvcpv”hqt”rtqhguukqpcnu”cpf”fguvkpcvkqp”ocpcigtu.”cu”kv”cnnqyu”c”dgvvgt”wpfgtuvcpfkpi”qh “vjg”korqtvcpeg”qh “jquvkpi”wpkswg”gxgpvu”vq”vjg”hqtocvkqp”qh “vjg”kocig”qh ”
c”fguvkpcvkqp”cpf”vq”vjg”fgxgnqrogpv”qh “c”uwuvckpcdng”vqwtkuo/
dcugf”geqpqo{0
Vjwu.”vjku”ctvkeng”jcu”vjtgg”dcuke”qdlgevkxgu<“*3+”fgxgnqr”c”eqortgjgpukxg”xkgy”qh “vjg”eqpegrv”cpf”korqtvcpeg”qh “$gxgpvu$”ykvjkp”vjg”
vqwtkuo”ugevqt.”*4+”vq”eqorctg”vjg”gxgpvu”ykvj”qvjgt”fguvkpcvkqp/dcugf”
cvvtcevkqpu”cpf”*5+”vq”vjgqtgvkecnn{“cpcn{ug”vjg”kpàwgpeg”qh “gxgpvu”qp”
destination image.
JGTPéPFG¥/OQIQNNðP.”HQNICFQ/HGTPéPFG¥”(“FWCTVG 85
Vjg”ctvkeng”ku”fkxkfgf”kpvq”Þxg”ugevkqpu0″Chvgt”vjg”kpvtqfwevkqp.”vjg”
ockp”Þpfkpiu”htqo”vjg”nkvgtcvwtg”tgxkgy”qp”vjg”hqecn”eqpegrv”cpf”kvu”
vjgqtgvkecn”eqpvgzvwcnk¦cvkqp”ykvjkp”cvvtcevkxg”fguvkpcvkqp”ctg”rtgugpvgf0″
Vjg”vjktf”ugevkqp”fguetkdgu”vjg”fgxgnqrogpv”qh “gxgpvu”cpf”vjg”kornkcations on the image of the destination. In the fourth section, the major types of events are reviewed, with emphasis on those with a strong
tgncvkqpujkr”ykvj”vjg”vgttkvqt{“yjgtg”vjg{“ctg”jgnf”vq”Þpcnn{“rtgugpv”vjg”
Þpcn”vjqwijvu”cpf”ockp”eqpenwukqpu0
GXGPVU”CPF”VQWTKUO
Hosting events has, among others, the purpose of fully using the
gxgpvuÔ”ecrcdknkvkgu”vq”hquvgt”vqwtkuo”fgxgnqrogpv”qh “vjg”jquv”fguvkpcvkqpu”*Igv¦.”3;;9.”r038+0″Vjg”gxqnwvkqp”qh “vjg”gxgpvu”ocpcigogpv”
sector in recent decades has led to the emergence of a strong industry
hcxqwtgf”d{“vjg”tcrkf”inqdcnk¦cvkqp”qh “octmgvu”cpf”eqoowpkecvkqp”
(Allen et al., 2002).
Gxgpv”eqpegrv”cpf”mg{“hgcvwtgu”
Gxgpvu”ctg”urgekcn”jcrrgpkpiu”vjcv”ctg”jgnf”kphtgswgpvn{“cpf”jcxg”
c”Þzgf”vgto.”rtqxkfkpi”rctvkekrcpvu”ykvj”qrrqtvwpkvkgu”hqt”uqekcn”kpvgtcevkqp”dg{qpf”vjg”gxgt{fc{“nkhg”*Lciq”cpf”Ujcy.”3;;:+0″Kvu”urgekcn”
cvvtcevkxgpguu”ku”fwg”vq”vjg”fguktg”qh “nkxkpi”vjg”gzrgtkgpeg”cvvcejgf”vq”
vjg”wpkswgpguu”qh “vjg”gxgpv.”yjkej”fkhhgtgpvkcvgu”kv”htqo”qvjgt”rncegu”
ykvj”rgtocpgpv”cvvtcevkqpu”qh “kpvgtguv”*Igv¦.”3;:;+0″Lcpkumgg”*3;:2+”
fgÞpgf”vqwtkuo”gxgpvu”cu”ujqtv”vkog”rgtkqfu”hwnn”qh “cvvtcevkxg”cpf”kpteresting activities, commonly concentrated in a limited geographic area
vq”egngdtcvg”c”ewttgpv”qt”cp”jkuvqtkecn”hcev0″Vjwu.”gxgpvu”ctg”gzenwukxg”
egngdtcvkqpu”jgnf”cv”c”rctvkewnct”nqecvkqp”cv”qpg”rctvkewnct”oqogpv”kp”
vkog”kp”qtfgt”vq”oggv”urgekÞe”pggfu”*Iqnfdncvv.”4229+0″
Through previous literature reviews, the main areas of research and
rwdnkecvkqp”ykvjkp”vqwtkuo”gxgpvu”jcxg”dggp”kfgpvkÞgf.”rqkpvkpi”vjg”
geqpqoke”korcev”cu”vjg”ockp”uvwf{“ctgc.”hqnnqygf”d{“vjg”octmgvkpi”
of the different types of events, sponsorship, events management and
vjg”gogtikpi”vtgpfu”kp”gxgpvu”rtcevkeg”*Hqtokec.”3;;:=”Igv¦.”4222+0″
Dtkgà{“yg”ecp”uc{“vjcv”vjg”xctkqwu”uvwfkgu”cvvgorv”vq”fgÞpg”vjg”gxgpvu”
from two different approaches: from the characteristics of the event
itself, and from the perspective of tourists as an opportunity to enjoy
c”ngkuwtg.”uqekcn”qt”ewnvwtcn”gzrgtkgpeg”*Igv¦.”3;;3c+0
Tgictfkpi”vjg”mg{“hgcvwtgu”qh “gxgpvu.”Igv¦”*3;:;+”nkuvu”Þxg”dcuke”ejctcevgtkuvkeu”vjcv”vjg{“owuv”jcxg<“vjg”pggf”vq”dg”qrgp”vq”vjg”rwdnke.”jcxkpi”cu”c”ockp”qdlgevkxg”vjg”egngdtcvkqp”qh “c”hcev”vjcv”qeewtu”qpn{“qpeg”c”
:8 GXGPV”VQWTKUO”CPCN[UKU
{gct”qt”nguu”htgswgpvn{.”dg”jgnf”qp”rtgfgvgtokpgf”fcvgu.”rquuguu”cp”qticpk¦gf”rtqitco”qh “cevkxkvkgu”cpf”dgkpi”jgnf”kp”c”vqwtkuv”ctgc0″Hqt”Lciq”
cpf”Ujcy”*3;;:+.”urgekcn”gxgpvu”ctg”cnuq”dcukecnn{“ejctcevgtk¦gf”d{“ugxgp”
gngogpvu<“kvu”uvtqpi”cdknkv{“vq”cvvtcev”vqwtkuvu.”vjg”cdknkv{“vq”rtqoqvg”vjg”
nqecn”fgxgnqrogpv.”jcxg”nkokvgf”fwtcvkqp.”jgnf”kphtgswgpvn{.”kpetgcug”vjg”
awareness of the citizens and the image of the destination, offer a social
gzrgtkgpeg.”cpf”dgkpi”eqpukfgtgf”gzvtcqtfkpct{“cpf”wpwuwcn0
Vqwtkuo”tguqwtegu”cpf”gxgpvu
Rtqxkfkpi”c”eqorngvg”cpcn{uku”qp”c”vqwtkuo”fguvkpcvkqp”tgswktgu”vjg”
study of varied interrelated factors such as natural and cultural resources,
infrastructure, services, institutional image, promotional materials, travel
tgxkgyu”cpf”cxckncdng”gxgpvu.”coqpi”qvjgtu”*V{ttgnn”cpf”Lqjpuvqp.”4223+0″
Vjg”gzkuvkpi”nkvgtcvwtg”guvcdnkujgu”vjcv”vjg”cvvtcevkqpu”cv”c”fguvkpcvkqp”ctg”
hqtogf”d{“vjg”eqodkpcvkqp”qh “vjg”xctkqwu”tguqwtegu”qhhgtgf”d{“vjg”ukvg.”
uwej”cu”rj{ukecn”*ctejkvgevwtg.”rctmu.”oqpwogpvu”cpf”vtcpurqtvcvkqp+.”
geographical (location and morphology), cultural (sport events, festixcnu.”gzjkdkvkqpu.”vjgcvtg.”fcpeg”cpf”eqpegtvu+”cpf”ncuvn{“jgtkvcig”cuugvu”
*ecuvngu.”ejwtejgu.”jkuvqtke”fkuvtkevu+0″Vjg”eqodkpcvkqp”qh “cnn”vjgug”gngogpvu”eqpuvkvwvg”vjg”vqwtkuv”gzrgtkgpeg”cpf”ujqwnf”dg”eqpukfgtgf”kp”vjg”
hqtowncvkqp”qh “vjg”rqukvkqpkpi”uvtcvgi{“qh “vjg”fguvkpcvkqp”*Mqnd.”4228+0”
C”etwekcn”swguvkqp”vq”dg”cfftguugf”d{“tgugctejgtu”ku”vq”wpfgtuvcpf”
and differentiate the structural or enduring elements of the destination
htqo”vgorqtct{“gngogpvu.”uwej”cu”gxgpvu0″Hqnnqykpi”Igv¦”*3;;3c+.”yg”
have opted to address these issues from the perspective of the attracvkxgpguu”qh “vjg”ukvg.”rtqrqukpi”c”v{rqnqi{“qh “fguvkpcvkqp”enckou”dcugf”
on three parameters: (1) environmental resources, (2) enduring resourcgu”dwknv”d{“ocp.”dwv”pqv”urgekÞecnn{“hqt”vjg”rwtrqug”qh “cvvtcevkpi”xkukvqtu”cpf”*5+”gxgpvu0″Uyctdtqqmg”*3;;7+”uwiiguvgf”vjcv”cvvtcevkqpu”ctg”
guugpvkcn”tguqwtegu”hqt”vjg”vqwtkuo”kpfwuvt{“d{“rtqxkfkpi”c”oqvkxg”qh ”
kpvgtguv”vq”xkukv”vjg”ukvg0″Jku”encuukÞecvkqp”kpenwfgu”hqwt”v{rgu”qh “cvvtcevkqpu<“*3+”pcvwtcn”uwttqwpfkpiu.”*4+”uvtwevwtgu”pqv”dwknv”urgekÞecnn{“vq”
attract visitors, (3) the permanent structures specially designed to act
as tourist attractions and (4) events. In the same line of thought, Alheoqwf”cpf”Ctouvtqpi”*3;;8+”encuukÞgf”vjg”cvvtcevkqpu”qh “c”fguvkpcvkqp”
gswcnn{“kpvq”hqwt”ecvgiqtkgu”nctign{“dcugf”kp”vjg”vqwtkuv”cuuguuogpv<“*3+”
pcvwtcn.”*4+”jkuvqtkecn.”*5+”ewnvwtcn.”cpf”*6+”ctvkÞekcn0″Etqwej”cpf”Tkvejkg”
*3;;;+”rtqrqug”c”oqfgn”yjgtg”vjg{“kpenwfg”gngogpvu”ecnngf”$tguqwtegu”cpf”fguvkpcvkqp”ockp”cvvtcevkqpu$”yjkej”vjg{“itqwrgf”kpvq”ukz”ecvegories: (1) physiography (landscape, climate), (2) culture and historic
*jkuvqtke”jgtkvcig.”oqpwogpvu+.”*5+”octmgv”vkgu”*gvjpke.”dwukpguu.”hcokn{”
and friends), (4) leisure activities, (5) tourism superstructure (lodgings,
tguvcwtcpvu.”vtcpurqtvcvkqp+”cpf”*8+”urgekcn”gxgpvu0
JGTPéPFG¥/OQIQNNðP.”HQNICFQ/HGTPéPFG¥”(“FWCTVG :9
C”fgecfg”ncvgt”Tkvejkg”cpf”Etqwej”*4232+”ncvgt”tgxkgygf”vjg”oqfgn”
dcugf”qp”c”uvwf{“cfftguukpi”vjg”Dtc¦knkcp”octmgv.”mggrkpi”vjg”cdqxg”ekvgf”ecvgiqtkgu”cpf”kpeqtrqtcvkpi”c”pgy”qpg”dcugf”qp”vjg”gpvgtvckpogpv”
cv”vjg”fguvkpcvkqp0″Vjg{“tghgt”vq”vjgug”cu”vjg”dcuke”hcevqtu”vjcv”ocmg”
rqvgpvkcn”vqwtkuvu”ejqqug”c”urgekÞe”fguvkpcvkqp”qxgt”cpqvjgt”*Hkiwtg”3+0
,<206/8 2A2:?> <A2:?> 206/8
“)+$ +$,).+”$, !(# !–+!”-&)(,
Figure 1: Tourist Attractions
Uqwteg<“Etqwej”cpf”Tkvejkg”*3;;;+”cpf”Tkvejkg”cpf”Etqwej”*4232+
In summary, the review suggests that the main distinguishing feature of events in relation to other types of attractions is the fact that
vjg”hqtogt”jcxg”c”vgorqtct{“pcvwtg0″Vjg{“ecp”dg”wugf”cu”ftkxgtu”vq”
kpetgcug”urgpfkpi”cpf”ngpivj”qh “uvc{.”oqvkxcvkpi”dqvj”vqwtkuvu”cpf”tgukfgpvu”ykvj”vjg”cfxcpvcig”qh “dgkpi”cdng”vq”cvvtcev”xkukvqtu”yjq.”qvjgtwise, would never visit the destination. It can also encourage visitors’
retention through a well-designed program of activities. Lastly, events
can also serve to attract investment and improve infrastructure, such
cu”vjg”kphtcuvtwevwtgu”pggfgf”hqt”urqtv”gxgpvu”yjkej”ecp”dg”wugf”chvgtyctfu”d{“vjg”nqecn”eqoowpkv{“cpf”vq”cvvtcev”qvjgt”eqorgvkvkqpu”qt”
gxgpvu”kp”vjg”hwvwtg”*Igv¦.”3;;9+0
VJG”TQNG”QH”GXGPVU”KP”FGUVKPCVKQP”
FGXGNQROGPV”CPF”KOCIG
Gzkuvkpi”tgugctej”qp”vqwtkuo”gxgpvu”tgeqipk¦gu”vjcv”uqogvkogu”vjg”
rtqoqvkqp”qh “c”fguvkpcvkqp”cpf”kvu”kocig”ecp”dg”itgcvn{“gpjcpegf”d{”
vjg”qticpk¦cvkqp”qh “c”ukpiwnct”gxgpv”*Ncyu.”3;;7=”Oqpic.”4228+.”ykvj”
urgekcn”korcev”qp”fguvkpcvkqp”octmgvkpi”cpf”uvtcvgikgu”*Ngg”cpf”Vc{-
lor, 2005).
Vjg”nkvgtcvwtg”qp”fguvkpcvkqp”kocig”uvctvu”kp”vjg”92u”yjgp”Jwpv”
*3;97+”fgxgnqrgf”c”uvwf{“vjcv”uggmu”vq”gzcokpg”vjg”tqng”qh “fguvkpcvkqp”
kocig”kp”vqwtkuo”fgxgnqrogpv0″Ncvgt.”Etqorvqp”*3;9;+”fgÞpgu”vjg”kocig”qh “c”fguvkpcvkqp”cu”$vjg”uwo”qh “dgnkghu.”kfgcu”cpf”kortguukqpu”vjcv”
c”rgtuqp”jcu”qh “c”rnceg$0″Vjg”yqtm”d{“Rkmg”*4224+.”yjgtg”jg”kfgpvkÞgu”
364″uvwfkgu”qp”fguvkpcvkqp”kocig”rwdnkujgf”htqo”3;95″vq”4222″gzrnqtkpi”fkhhgtgpv”uwdlgevu”uwej”cu”vjg”kpàwgpeg”qp”eqpuwogt”dgjcxkqwt.”
Special
events
88 GXGPV”VQWTKUO”CPCN[UKU
image formation and site development, deserves special consideration
Fguvkpcvkqp”kocig”ku”xgt{“korqtvcpv”hqt”vqwtkuo”tgugctej.”cu”kv”tgàgevu”
vjg”mg{“xctkcdng”hqt”ugiogpvkpi”vjg”vctigv”octmgv.”rtqxkfkpi”kpukijvu”
qp”vjg”oqvkxcvkqp”cpf”dgjcxkqwt”qh “kpfkxkfwcnu”kp”tgncvkqp”vq”vjg”rtqeguu”qh “fguvkpcvkqp”ejqkeg”*Dkipfi”gv”cn0. 2000).
Ejqp”*3;;2+”jkijnkijvu”vjg”enqug”tgncvkqpujkr”dgvyggp”fguvkpcvkqp”
kocig”cpf”vqwtkuv”gzrgevcvkqpu”cpf”dgjcxkqwt0″Chvgt”cp”kpkvkcn”rjcug”
of information search, the tourist adapts its perception until reaching
an induced image that will weigh (using an internal valuation) against
vjg”fgitgg”qh “eqornkcpeg”ykvj”vjg”qtkikpcn”gzrgevcvkqpu0″Chvgt”tgvwtpkpi”htqo”vjg”vtkr.”jg”ecp”ocmg”c”lwfiogpv”qh “ucvkuhcevkqp”vq”hqto”c”
complete picture of the place. The representations used in destination
octmgvkpi”ctg”vjg”tguwnv”qh “jkuvqtkecn.”uqekcn.”geqpqoke”cpf”rqnkvkecn”
rtqeguugu”cpf”tgxgcn”owej”cdqwv”vjg”uqekcn”eqpuvtwevkqp”qh “urceg.”vjg”
ewnvwtcn”gxqnwvkqp”cpf”kfgpvkv{“*Rtkvejctf”cpf”Oqticp.”4223+0
Fcpp”*3;;8+”rtqxkfgu”c”xgt{“kpfkxkfwcnkuvke”xkgy”qh “gcej”vqwtkuv”
kocig”rgtegrvkqp”d{“uvcvkpi”vjcv”$pq”vyq”rgqrng”ugg”c”fguvkpcvkqp”kp”
gzcevn{“vjg”ucog”yc{$0″Chvgt”rgthqtokpi”c”eqortgjgpukxg”tgxkgy”qh ”
vjg”nkvgtcvwtg”qp”vjku”eqpegrv.”Icnnct¦c”et al., (2002) concluded that the
kocig”qh “vqwtkuo”fguvkpcvkqpu”jcu”c”eqorngz.”f{pcoke.”ownvkrng”cpf”
tgncvkxkuv”pcvwtg0″Vjwu.”fguvkpcvkqp”kocig”ecp”dg”fgÞpgf”cu”cp”$gzrtguukqp”qh “cnn”mpqyngfig.”rtguuwtgu.”rtglwfkegu.”kocikpcvkqp”cpf”goqvkqpu”
cp”kpfkxkfwcn”qt”itqwr”jcu”qp”c”rctvkewnct”rnceg$”*Lgpmkpu.”3;;;+0″Hqnlowing this line of reasoning , destination image is formed as a multidiogpukqpcn”eqpuvtwev”yjgtg”vjg”cvvtkdwvgu”ecp”dg”itqwrgf”ceeqtfkpi”vq”
several components aimed at its creation or development as a way that
ocmgu”kv”gcu{“hqt”xkukvqtu”vq”gxcnwcvg”vjg”gzrgtkgpeg”cpf”hwtvjgt”tgxkukv”
qt”tgeqoogpf”kv”vq”qvjgt”vqwtkuvu”*Dkipfi”gv”cn0.“4223+0″Oqwvkpjq”*3;:9+”
suggests that in the process of creating a destination image in the mind
of consumers , several different personal motivations interact, namely:
*3+”Rj{ukecn.”tgncvgf”vq”vjg”pggf”qh “cowugogpv.”gpvgtvckpogpv.”tgnczcvkqp.”coqpi”qvjgtu.”*4+”Ewnvwtcn.”ctkukpi”htqo”vjg”pggf”vq”wpfgtuvcpf”
other cultures, trends and artistic and historical content, (3) Interpersonal, where tourism is interpreted as a means to generate emotional
eqpvgpv.”d{“etgcvkpi”pgy”tgncvkqpujkru”ykvj”nqecnu”qt”xkukvkpi”htkgpfu”
qt”tgncvkxgu.”cpf”*6+”Uqekcn”qt”rtguvkig”ckou.”tgrtgugpvkpi”vjg”fguktg”vq”
achieve social goals, such as recognition or convey a good social image.
Vjg”fgxgnqrogpv”qh “gxgpvu
Cu”kv”jcu”dggp”fguetkdgf.”gxgpvu”jcxg”dgeqog”c”dcuke”gngogpv”qp”
distinctive strategies for tourism development in many areas, regions or
gxgp”eqwpvtkgu.”dgkpi”eqpukfgtgf”kp”ocp{“ecugu”cu”c”oclqt”cpf”wpkswg”
eqorgvkvkxg”cfxcpvcig”*Igv¦”cpf”Uokvj.”3;;6+0″Vjwu.”vjg”mpqyngfig”
JGTPéPFG¥/OQIQNNðP.”HQNICFQ/HGTPéPFG¥”(“FWCTVG 89
on events and on the evaluation of their impact on the tourism destination development are essential in many cases to survive in an increaskpin{“eqorgvkvkxg”octmgv”yjgtg”vjg”equvu”qh “rncppkpi”cpf”qticpk¦kpi”
uwej”gxgpvu”ctg”eqpukfgtcdng0″Jquvkpi”gxgpvu”vjcv”oggv”vjg”pggfu”qh ”
tourists and promoting them through the most effective media should
eqpuvkvwvg”c”rtkoct{“qdlgevkxg”hqt”cnn”qticpk¦cvkqpu”kpxqnxgf”kp”fguvkpcvkqp”octmgvkpi”ocpcigogpv”kp”qtfgt”vq”oczkok¦g”vjg”dgpgÞvu”qh ”
vqwtkuo”*Igv¦.”422:+0
Jcnn”*3;;4+”kfgpvkÞgf”c”xctkgv{“qh “cfxcpvcigu”vq”vjg”fguvkpcvkqp”vjcv”
hosts an event, which included: improved infrastructure, increased
sense of pride for residents, increased trade relations, higher levels of
gzvgtpcn”tgeqipkvkqp.”kpetgcugf”gzrgtkgpeg”kp”vjg”ocpcigogpv”qh “ocuugu”cpf”kpetgcugf”fgxgnqrogpv”kp”vjg”ctgc”qh “kpàwgpeg0″Ncvgt”uvwfkgu”
*Igv¦.”4229=”Mko”cpf”Rgvtkem.”4227=”Rtgudwt{“cpf”Gfyctfu.”4227+”cfftguukpi”vqwtkuo”gxgpvu”uwiiguv”vjcv”vjg{“ecp”dg”xgt{“jgnrhwn”hqt”vjg”
destination mainly for three interrelated reasons: (1) their capacity to
cvvtcev”vqwtkuvu”cpf”igpgtcvg”geqpqoke”dgpgÞvu.”*4+”vjg”fgxgnqrogpv”
of infrastructure and services, and (3) the creation or strengthening
qh “c”dtcpf”kocig”hqt”vjg”ukvg”*Hkiwtg”4+0
PROGRESS OF THE
DESTINATION IMAGE
IMPROVING
INFRASTRUCTURE
ECONOMIC
BENEFITS
Figure 2: Advantages of events
Uqwteg<“Igv¦”*422:+.”Mko”cpf”Rgvtkem”*4227+=”Rtgudwt{“cpf”Gfyctfu”*4227+
Vjg”uweeguu”qh “c”vqwtkuo”gxgpv”fgrgpfu”nctign{“qp”vjg”swcnkv{“qh ”
the integration of different agents in order to achieve good results. To
Ujgtyqqf”et al. (2005), an event has different effects on the economic, social and environmental areas of the place where it is carried out.
Ukogqp” cpf” Dwqpkpeqpvtk” *4233+” eqpukfgt” vjg” gxgpv/dcugf” vqwtkuo”
as a stimulus with strong economic impact not only due to direct in
90 GXGPV”VQWTKUO”CPCN[UKU
xguvogpvu”kp”vjg”gxgpv”dwv”cnuq”vjtqwij”vjg”kpetgcug”kp”vjg”pwodgt”qh ”
visitors to the area where this event is held. Thrane (2002) and Ponce
*4229+”uwrrqtv”vjku”xkgy”d{“uvcvkpi”vjcv”vjg”rqukvkxg”geqpqoke”korcev”
ecp”dg”ykvpguugf”kp”rwdnke”kpxguvogpvu”kp”eqpxgpvkqp”egpvgtu”cpf”kp”
fresh cultural activities at the destination site resulting from hosting
special events.
Vq”uwooctk¦g.”kv”ecp”dg”eqpenwfgf”vjcv”gxgpvu”jcxg”dqvj”geqpqoke”
and social advantages for tourism if they are well planned and organk¦gf”vq”rtqxkfg”c”vgorqtctkn{“wpkswg”cpf”gplq{cdng”gzrgtkgpeg”vq”vjg”
rgqrng”yjq”fgekfg”vq”cvvgpf”vjgo0″C”oqtg”fgvckngf”kphqtocvkqp”ecp”dg”
hqwpf”kp”vjg”tgxkgyu”d{“Hqtokec”*3;;:+.”Igv¦”*4222+”cpf”Jcttku”et al.
*4223+0″Hqt”vjg”rgtkqf”3;;2/4224.”c”urgekcn”ogpvkqp”ujqwnf”dg”itcpvgf”
vq”vjg”tgxkgy”rtqxkfgf”d{“Jgfg”et al. (2002, 2003).
Gxgpvu”cpf”fguvkpcvkqp”kocig
Vjg”kocig”qh “c”fguvkpcvkqp”ku”xcnwgf”qp”vjg”dcuku”qh “c”ugv”qh “cvvtkdwvgu”vjcv”cvvtcev”xkukvqtu”xqnwpvctkn{.”uwej”cu”cevkxkvkgu.”gzrgtkgpegu”cpf”
ncpfuecrgu”*Ngy.”3;:9+0″Kp”vjku”eqpvgzv.”gxgpvu”ecp”cev”cu”kocig”ocmgtu”fwg”vq”vjg”cvvgpvkqp”fgxqvgf”d{“vjg”ogfkc.”cpf”vjg”octmgvkpi”cpf”
rtqoqvkqpcn”ecorckipu”ugv”wr”d{“vjg”qticpk¦cvkqp”vq”cvvtcev”xkukvqtu”
*Igv¦.”3;;9+”cpf”vjwu”dgeqog”c”nqpi/vgto”uvtcvgike”qrvkqp”hqt”fguvkpcvkqp”ocpcigtu”*Vc{nqt”cpf”Ujcpmc.”422:=”Uvqmgu.”4227+0
The role of events and destination image is increasingly important
for organizations that are provided with the opportunity to communiecvg”vjg”cvvtkdwvgu.”xcnwgu””cpf”rgtuqpcnkv{“qh “vjg”gxgpv.”cu”ygnn”cu”uvtcvgikecnn{“octmgv”kv”*Fkdd”et al..”4228+0″Hqt”Fy{gt”cpf”Hqtu{vj”*422;+.”
gxgpvu”ecp”kortqxg”vjg”kocig”qh “c”ekv{“qt”tgikqp.”hceknkvcvg”dwukpguu”
pgvyqtmkpi”cpf”kortqxg”vjg”rtkfg”qh “kvu”ekvk¦gpu”cpf”cv”vjg”ucog”vkog”
rtqxkfg”uqekcn”cpf”ewnvwtcn”dgpgÞvu.”etgcvkpi”hqtwou”hqt”gfwecvkqp”cpf”
facilitate technology transfer. In fact, hosting events can enrich the imcig”qh “vjg”ctgc”cpf”qh “kvu”jquv”eqoowpkv{.”cpf”kpetgcug”vjg”pwodgt”qh ”
xkukvqtu”dqvj”cv”ujqtv/vgto”cpf”nqpi/vgto”*Ngg”et al..”4227+0″Dqq”cpf”
Dwuugt”*4228+”tgeqipk¦g”vjg”korqtvcpeg”qh “gxgpvu”vq”vjg”fguvkpcvkqp”
kocig.”cpf”rtqrqug”c”nkpg”qh “tgugctej”kp”vjku”gogtikpi”Þgnf”vjtqwij”
gorktkecn”uvwfkgu”ckogf”cv”eqpÞtokpi”vjku”tgncvkqpujkr0″Kv”ujqwnf”dg”tgogodgt”cu”uvcvgf”d{“Dcnqinw”cpf”Ocpicnqinw”*4223+”vjcv”fguvkpcvkqpu”
ewttgpvn{“eqorgvg”rtkoctkn{“vjtqwij”vjg”kocig”rgtegkxgf”d{“eqpuwoers, meaning that the communication and promotion of events are
mg{“gngogpvu”kp”vjg”fgxgnqrogpv”qh “cp{“eqorgvkvkxg”uvtcvgi{0″Fgurkvg”
jcxkpi”c”uvtqpi”geqpqoke”korcev”*Ukogqp”cpf”Dwqpkpeqpvtk.”4233+.”
gxgpv/dcugf”vqwtkuo”ku”cnuq”kpetgcukpin{“korqtvcpv”ykvjkp”vjg”eqpvgzv”
qh “fguvkpcvkqp”dtcpfkpi0″Fguvkpcvkqp”ocpcigtu”jcxg”kp”gxgpvu”cp”korqtvcpv”tguqwteg”cpf”vqqn”vjcv”ecp”dg”engctn{“cuuqekcvgf”ykvj”c”rnceg.”
JGTPéPFG¥/OQIQNNðP.”HQNICFQ/HGTPéPFG¥”(“FWCTVG 91
dgeqokpi”c”hwpfcogpvcn”rctv”qh “vjgkt”octmgvkpi”uvtcvgi{“*Lciq”et al.,
4225=”Dcnqinw”cpf”Ocpicnqinw.”4223+0″Dtcpfkpi”ecp”eqpvtkdwvg”vq”vjg”
enhancement of the image of the area and community hosting the
gxgpv”cpf”eqpewttgpvn{“kpetgcug”vjg”pwodgt”qh “xkukvqtu”cv”ujqtv”cpf”
long term (Lee et al., 2005).
In summary the literature recognizes the value of events for the
hosting area as it helps to improve the local economy, reinforces place
kocig”cpf”dtcpf”rtqoqvkqp”cpf”uvtgpivjgp”ewnvwtcn”jgtkvcig”cpf”vjg”
rtgugtxcvkqp”qh “hceknkvkgu”cpf”kphtcuvtwevwtgu”*Igv¦.”3;;3.”Ujgtyqqf”et
al.”4227=”Nko”cpf”Ngg.”4228=”Ukogqp”cpf”Dwqpkpeqpvtk.”4233+0″Gxgpvu”
jcxg”nkmgn{“dgeqog”c”xgt{“wughwn”vqqn”vq”wug”kp”vjg”Þgnf”qh “rnceg”octmgvkpi.”eqpvtkdwvkpi”fgekukxgn{“vq”vjg”fgxgnqrogpv”qh “fguvkpcvkqp”kocig0
OCLQT”V[RGU”QH”VQWTKUO”GXGPVU
Cu”yg”jcxg”qdugtxgf.”fkhhgtgpv”gxgpvu”rtqxkfg”rqvgpvkcn”tgxgpwgu”
resulting from those attending it and also offer an opportunity for leisure, social interaction and entertainment for the community and visivqtu0″Wuwcnn{.”gxgpvu”ocpcigtu”cko”ockpn{“vq”dqquv”vqwtkuo”kp”qtfgt”
vq”qdvckp”geqpqoke”tgvwtpu”hqt”vjg”tgikqp.”ctiwkpi”vjcv”vjgug”gxgpvu”
rtqfweg”oqpgvct{“dgpgÞvu”cu”xkukvqtu”urgpf”oqpg{“kp”nqecn”dwukpguugu.”
vjwu”uwrrqtvkpi”vjg”vqypÔu”geqpqo{0″Jqygxgt”kv”ujqwnf”cnuq”dg”vcmgp”
kpvq”ceeqwpv”vjg”tgxgpwgu”tguwnvkpi”htqo”vjg”kpxguvogpv”tgswktgf”vq”
ugv”wr”vjg”gxgpv”*Vc{nqt”cpf”Ujcpmc.”422:=”Uvqmgu.”4227+0
Recognizing the importance of categorising events, Hall (1992),
hqnnqykpi”Tkvejkg”*3;:6+.”rtqxkfgu”c”encuukÞecvkqp”qh “vqwtkuo”gxgpvu”
itqwpfgf”kp”Þxg”oclqt”dwknfkpi”dnqemu<“*3+”tgnkikqwu”cpf”ucetgf”egngdtcvkqpu”*4+”ectpkxcnu”cpf”ewnvwtcn”gxgpvu.”*5+”eqoogtekcn”gxgpvu.”*6+”
sports competitions, and (5) political meetings.
Igv¦”*3;;9+”hwtvjgt”gzvgpfu”vjg”urgevtwo”qh “vjg”fkhhgtgpv”v{rgu”
qh “gxgpvu”cpf”encuukÞgf”vjgo”cu<“*3+”Urgekcn”*4+”$jcnnoctm$”*5+”ogic”
gxgpvu.”*6+”hguvkxcnu.”hcktu”cpf”gzjkdkvkqpu.”*7+”oggvkpiu”cpf”qvjgt”dwukpguu” gxgpvu.” *8+” gfwecvkqpcn” gxgpvu.” *9+” urqtvkpi” gxgpvu” cpf” *:+” ctv”
gxgpvu0″Cu”hqt”vjg”vgto”$jcnnoctm$.”vjku”tghgtu”vq”c”u{odqn”qh “swcnkv{”
and authenticity that distinguishes some events or involves a distincvkxg”ejctcevgtkuvke”cpf”wpkswgpguu”qh “yjkej”kvu”uweeguu”fgrgpfu0″V{rkecnn{.”vjgug”gxgpvu”tgrtgugpv”c”jcnnoctm”hqt”vjg”fguvkpcvkqp”kpetgcukpi”
kvu”eqorgvkvkxg”cfxcpvcig”cpf”dqquvkpi”vjg”rqukvkxg”kocig”rtqlgevgf”
vq”vjg”rwdnke”*Tkvejkg.”3;:6=”Igv¦.”3;;9+0
Ncvgt.”Igv¦”*422:+”rtqrqugf”c”oqtg”eqorngvg”ugv”qh “gxgpvu”ecvgiqries with eight types: (1) cultural, (2) political, (3) art and entertainment
*6+”dwukpguu”*7+”uekgpeg”cpf”gfwecvkqp”*8+”urqtvkpi”gxgpvu.”*9+”tgetgctional activities and (8) private occasions (Figure 3)
92 GXGPV”VQWTKUO”CPCN[UKU
%$1#!0(,+!) !+$
/#(%+0(&(#
#@?87B7?57C
/7>;?4BC
#=;?;5C
#1)01.!)
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.7=;9;@EC 7F7?DC
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[email protected]= @554C;@?C
[email protected]=;D;54= 7F7?DC
2(- F;C;DC
!.0/ !+$
%+0%.0!(+*%+0/
#@?57BDC
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/-,.0
#,*-%0(0(,+/
!>4D7EB J
[email protected];@?4=
/[email protected] J
-4BD;5;A4?D
-.(2!0% %2%+0/
3766;?9C
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/@5;4=C
“1/(+%// !+$ 0.!$%
*77D;?9CI
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#@?CE>7B 4?6 0B467
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[email protected] 8E?
Figure 3: Ranking event by type
Uqwteg<“Igv¦”*422:+
Ukogqp”cpf”Dwqpkpeqpvtk”*4233+”eqpukfgt”vjg”fgxgnqrogpv”qh ”
vjg”rncegÔu”kpvtkpuke”tguqwtegu”cu”c”mg{“kuuwg”hqt”uweeguuhwn”jquvkpi”
gxgpvu”cpf”pqv”lwuv”vjg”cdknkv{“vq”etgcvg”pgy”tguqwtegu0″Pgzv.”vjg”ukz”
oquv”korqtvcpv”v{rgu”qh “gxgpvu”yknn”dg”fggrn{“cpcn{ugf”ykvj”rctvkewnct”gorjcuku”qp”vjqug”dcugf”qp”gpfqigpqwu”tguqwtegu”(Hernández et al0.”4233+”nkmg<“religious, nature, food, music festivals and
cultural events.
Tgnkikqwu”gxgpvu
Travel to attend religious events has increased worldwide, however
vjg”nkvgtcvwtg”qp”vjku”uwdlgev”ku”uvknn”nkokvgf”kp”vgtou”qh “fggr”mpqyngfig”
qh “vtcxgnngtuÔ”oqvkxcvkqpu.”kpvgtguvu”cpf”pggfu”*Vkoqvj{“cpf”Eqpqxgt.”
4228+0″Ewttgpvn{.”fkhhgtgpv”v{rgu”qh “tgnkikqwu”egngdtcvkqpu”gcej”{gct”cvvtcev”c”itqykpi”pwodgt”qh “rgqrng”ctqwpf”gxgpvu”tgncvgf”vq”rknitkocigu.”eqtqpcvkqpu.”dgcvkÞecvkqp.”ujtkpgu.”vgorngu.”ejwtejgu.”ejcrgnu”qt”
Gcuvgt”egngdtcvkqpu0″
Tgnkikqwu”vqwtkuo”ecp”dg”fgÞpgf”cu”vjqug”vtkru”vjcv”ctg”oqvkxcvgf”
rctvn{“qt”gzenwukxgn{“qp”tgnkikqp”hcevqtu”*Tkpuejgfg.”3;;4+.”yjgtg”vqwtkuvu”ecvgt”vq”c”fkxgtug”v{rqnqi{“qh “tgnkikqwu”egngdtcvkqpu”kp”vgtou”qh ”
hgcvwtgu.”xcnwgu.”dgjcxkqwt.”cvvkvwfgu”cpf”urgpfkpi”rcvvgtpu”lwuv”vq”rtc{”
qt”ukorn{“vq”gzrtguu”vjgkt”ewnvwtcn”xcnwgu”kp”tgurgev”vq”vjcv”urgekÞe”tgnkikqwu”gxgpv”*Pqncp”cpf”Pqncp.”3;;4=”Xwmqpkć.”3;;8=”Owttc{“cpf”Itcjco.”3;;9=”Hngkuejgt.”4222+0″Vjwu.”uqogvkogu”tgnkikqwu”kpvgtguvu”qxgtncr”ykvj”ewnvwtcn.”tgetgcvkqpcn”cpf”gfwecvkqpcn”oqvkxcvkqpu”dgeqokpi”
uvtqpin{“eqppgevgf”vq”ewnvwtcn”cpf”jgtkvcig”vqwtkuo”*Xwmqpkć.”3;;8.”
Qnugp.”4225=”Yqqfyctf.”4226=”Tcl”cpf”Oqtrgvj.”4229=”Uokvj.”3;;4+0″
Cnqpiukfg.” tgnkikqwu” gxgpvu” jcxg” dgeqog” c” oclqt” vqwtkuv” cvvtcevkqp.”
gradually joining the promotional offer of several major destinations
cu”c”yc{“vq”uvtgpivjgp”vjg”eqorgvkvkxgpguu”qh “rncegu”d{“jkijnkijvkpi”
kvu”wpkswgpguu”*Htcpeku”et al., 2008).
JGTPéPFG¥/OQIQNNðP.”HQNICFQ/HGTPéPFG¥”(“FWCTVG 93
Pcvwtg”gxgpvu
The main motivation for travel to visit the natural environment is
vq”dg”kp”enqug”eqpvcev”ykvj”pcvwtg”cpf”yknfnkhg”cpf”cv”vjg”ucog”vkog”
vq”tgncz”cpf”wpykpf.”guecrkpi”htqo”vjg”gxgt{fc{“tqwvkpg”vq”gplq{“vjg”
pcvwtcn”ncpfuecrgu.”vtcfkvkqpu”cpf”qvjgt”tguqwtegu”vjcv”cu”c”yjqng”ocmg”
up the attractiveness of the natural environment. Thus, nature tourkuo”ecp”dg”fgÞpgf”cu”vtcxgn”oqvkxcvgf”vq”dg”kp”vqwej”ykvj”wprqnnwvgf”
pcvwtcn”ctgcu”yjgtg”vtcxgnngtu”gzrgev”vq”cfoktg.”uvwf{“cpf”gplq{“vjg”
uegpgt{.”vjg”àqtc”cpf1qt”hcwpc”*Egdcnnqu/Ncuewtckp.”3;;3+0
¥grrgn”cpf”Jcnn”*3;;4+”nkpmgf”vjg”jgtkvcig”vqwtkuo”ykvj”c”dtqcf”
ueqrg”qh “urgekcn”vtkru”dcugf”qp”vjg”fguktg”vq”gzrgtkgpeg”vjg”fkxgtukv{“qh ”
cultural and natural landscapes, including attending events to admire
and study the natural environment, among others. Uysal et al. (1994)
uwiiguv”vjcv”vjg”ngxgn”qh “vjg”gpxktqpogpvcn”cuugvu”qh “c”rnceg”kpàwgpegu”
the characteristics of the tourists who visit it, which clearly affect the
motivations of travellers to attend a nature-related event. In addition,
ecotourism or nature tourism is an area of rapid growth since it promkugu”c”oqfgn”qh “uwuvckpcdng”twtcn”fgxgnqrogpv”hqt”eqwpvt{ukfg”ctgcu”
ykvj”korqtvcpv”gpxktqpogpvcn”tguqwtegu”*Nk.”4226=”¥jwcpi”gv”cn0. 2011).
Kp”vjg”urgekÞe”Þgnf”qh “gxgpvu”cpf”pcvwtg”vqwtkuo.”xkukvqtu”ecp”dg”
ugiogpvgf”dcugf”qp”vjgkt”v{rqnqi{“cpf”fgitgg”qh “kpxqnxgogpv”ykvj”
gpxktqpogpvcn”xcnwgu0″Nkpfdgti”*3;;3+”rtqxkfgu”c”encuukÞecvkqp”uejgog”
ykvj”hqwt”itqwru”dcugf”kpvq”vjgkt”ngxgnu”qh “oqvkxcvkqp”cpf”dgjcxkqwt<”
(1) strong degree of involvement with nature, such as researchers, scientists, educators and people associated with the environment, (2) tourists nature-oriented, referring to people who travel to protected areas
qh “itgcv”gpxktqpogpvcn”xcnwg”qt”vq”vcmg”rctv”kp”nqecn”ewuvqou”cpf”tkvwcnu”qt”wpfgtuvcpf”vjg”nqecn”jkuvqt{.”*5+”vqwtkuvu”yjq”yknn”dg”lqkpkpi”pcture destinations, visiting famous landscapes and natural wonders and
*6+”ecuwcn”pcvwtg”vqwtkuv.”fgÞpgf”cu”rgqrng”yjq”eqog”kp”eqpvcev”ykvj”
pcvwtg”kp”c”vkogn{“ocppgt”yjkng”vcmkpi”c”jqnkfc{“vtkr0
Icuvtqpqoke”gxgpvu
Icuvtqpqoke”vqwtkuo”ku”dgeqokpi”cp”ctgc”qh “tcrkf”itqyvj”ykvjkp”
vjg”vqwtkuo”nkvgtcvwtg.”cu”hqqf/tgncvgf”cevkxkvkgu”cff”xcnwg”vq”rncegu”d{”
rtqxkfkpi”cvvtcevkqpu”vq”xkukvqtu”uwej”cu”pgy”cpf”wpkswg”vcuvkpi”gzrgtkgpegu”cv”vjg”fguvkpcvkqp0″Jcnn”cpf”Okvejgnn”*4223+”uwiiguv”vjcv”icuvtqnomic tourism usually involves visits to food producers, food festivals,
tguvcwtcpvu”cpf”urgekÞe”nqecvkqpu”yjgtg”vjg”vcuvkpi”gzrgtkgpeg”tgrtgugpvu”vjg”Þtuv”tgcuqp”hqt”vtcxgnkpi0″Kp”vjg”ucog”tgugctej”nkpg.”Jgpfgtuqp”””””””””””””””””””
(2009) suggests that gastronomic tourism is typical of places where
xkukvqtu”ecp”eqpuwog”wpkswg”rtqfwevu”cpf”yjgtg”hqqf”rtqfwevu”ecp”
dg”wugf”vq”tgrtgugpv”vjg”rncegÔu”kocig”cpf”fgÞpg”kvu”ejctcevgt0
94 GXGPV”VQWTKUO”CPCN[UKU
“Mkxgnc”cpf”Etqvvu”*4228+”gorjcuk¦g”vjcv”vjg”ewnkpct{“cevkxkv{“ku”qpg”
qh “vjg”oquv”uqnkf”hqwpfcvkqpu”qp”yjkej”vjg”vqwtkuo”kpfwuvt{“ku”dcugf.”
dgkpi”xgt{“korqtvcpv”vq”vjg”uvwf{“cpf”wpfgtuvcpfkpi”qh “vqwtkuvuÔ”cvvktudes towards the destination in order to design successful gastronomke”tqwvgu0″Hqt”Gurgkvz”*4226+.”nqecn”cpf”ctvkucp”hqqf”oc{“dg”tgncvgf”vq”
ewnvwtcn”tqwvgu.”ocmkpi”kv”qpg”hqto”qh “jgtkvcig”vq”dg”kpvgitcvgf”cu”c”
vqwtkuo”tguqwteg0″Ogcpyjkng.”Hkgnfu”*4224+”uvcvgu”vjcv”vjg”gplq{ogpv”
qh “hqqf”vqwtkuo”vwtpu”qwv”vq”dg”qpg”qrrqtvwpkv{“vq”qdvckp”c”jkijgt”
social status and social recognition for a segment of consumers. Hjalcigt”*4225+”rtqrqugu”vjg”gzkuvgpeg”qh “vyq”mkpfu”qh “icuvtqpqoke”vqwtists regarding their attitudes and preferences toward the destination:
*3+”tgetgcvkqp”cpf”hwp”cpf”*4+”gzkuvgpvkcn”cpf”gzrgtkogpvcn.”uwiiguvkpi”
vjcv”vjg”Þtuv”rtghgt”vq”cxqkf”tkumu”cpf”gcv”cv”mpqyp”tguvcwtcpvu.”yjkng”
vjg”ugeqpf”v{rg”cevkxgn{“uggmu”cnvgtpcvkxg”hqqfu”cpf”pgy”gzrgtkgpegu”cv”
vjg”fguvkpcvkqp0″Hqt”Swcp”cpf”Ycpi”*4226+.”icuvtqpqo{“ecp”vtcpuokv”
c”wpkswg”gzrgtkgpeg”hqt”vjg”gplq{ogpv”qh “xkukvqtu.”kortqxg”vjg”qxgtcnn”
gzrgtkgpeg”cpf”dg”vjg”oquv”ogoqtcdng”rctv”qh “vjg”vtkr0
Hguvkxcnu”cpf”owukecn”gxgpvu
Ceeqtfkpi”vq”Igv¦”*3;;9+.”owuke”hguvkxcnu”ecp”dg”eqpukfgtgf”cu”owukecn”vjgocvke”rctvkgu0″Dqygp”cpf”Fcpkgnu”*4227+”fgÞpgf”owuke”hguvkxcnu”
cu”gxgpvu”kp”yjkej”owuke”ku”c”mg{“rctv”qh “vjg”gxgpv”cpf”vjg”xcnwgu”dgkpi”
eqoowpkecvgf.”cpf”ctg”qhvgp”ceeqorcpkgf”d{“qvjgt”cevkxkvkgu”tgncvgf”
vq”vjg”hguvkxcnÔu”ockp”vjgog”kp”cffkvkqp”vq”owuke0″Cpfgtuuqp”cpf”Igv¦”
*422:c+”uvwfkgf”hguvkxcnu”htqo”vjg”eqpvgzv”qh “vqwtkuo”octmgvkpi.”gorjcuk¦kpi”kvu”eqpvtkdwvkqp”vq”vjg”inqdcn”fgxgnqrogpv”qh “c”fguvkpcvkqp0
Jqygxgt.”vjgtg”uggou”pqv”vq”dg”c”wpkswg”ejctcevgtkuvke”vjcv”ecp”dg”
vtcegf”kp”cnn”hguvkxcnu.”ockpn{“dgecwug”gcej”qh “vjgo”ecp”ockpvckp”c”fkuvkpevkxg”crrtqcej”dcugf”qp”vjgkt”ueqrg.”ejctcevgtkuvkeu.”ejctkvcdng”qt”
eqoogtekcn”ejctcevgt”cpf”iqcnu.”coqpi”qvjgtu”cvvtkdwvgu0″Kp”urkvg”qh ”
vjku.”oquv”qh “vjgo”ujctg”uqog”eqooqp”ejctcevgtkuvkeu.”nkmg”vjg”kpvcpikdknkv{“cpf”rgtkqfke”pcvwtg.”Þzgf”ngpivj”cpf”vjg”ucog”xgpwg”kp”gcej”
gfkvkqp.”dwv”gurgekcnn{“kvu”qtkgpvcvkqp”vq”c”egtvckp”cwfkgpeg”vjcv”cvvgpfu”
cpf1qt”rctvkekrcvgu”*Cpfgtuuqp”cpf”Igv¦.”422:d+0″Kp”hcev.”rwdnke”rctvkekrcvkqp”qt”cuukuvcpeg”ku”vjg”mg{“gngogpv”vq”jgnr”igpgtcvkpi”kpeqog.”
promote culture and develop the desired destination image.
Ewnvwtcn”gxgpvu
Kp”ewnvwtcn”gxgpvu”vjgtg”ku”cp”korqtvcpv”cpf”uvtqpi”tgncvkqpujkr”dgtween the culture and the place. In these type of events architectural
heritage and cultural sites are the main ingredients used to develop
vqwtkuo”uvtcvgikgu”ckogf”vq”cvvtcev”vqwtkuvu”d{“gorjcukukpi””vjg”ewnvwtcn”
JGTPéPFG¥/OQIQNNðP.”HQNICFQ/HGTPéPFG¥”(“FWCTVG 95
kfgpvkv{“qh “vjg”fguvkpcvkqp”d{“ocmkpi”wug”qh “ygnn/fgukipgf”cpf”hqewugf”
rtqoqvkqpcn”ecorckipu”*Gxcpu.”4225=”Mwp¦ocpp.”4226=”Xkxcpv.”4233+0″
Igv¦”*3;;3+”fgÞpgu”c”ewnvwtcn”gxgpv”cu”c”rwdnke”egngdtcvkqp”vjcv”oc{”
include dance, movies, theatre, music, arts and crafts, among others.
Etqorvqp”cpf”OeMc{“*3;;9+”gorjcuk¦g”vjg”korqtvcpeg”qh “vqwtkuv”oqtivations for cultural events, as they could provide important informations for future developments, such as allowing the program to adapt
to the needs of tourists, and thus helping enhancing visitors’ satisfacvkqp”cpf”kpetgcukpi”vjg”ejcpeg”vq”oggv”qt”gzeggf”vjgkt”gzrgevcvkqpu”
cpf”kp”vjcv”yc{“gpuwtg”nq{cnv{“cpf”vjgtghqtg”kvu”hwvwtg”uwuvckpcdknkv{0
Vjg”wpkswgpguu”qh “c”ewnvwtcn”gxgpv”oc{“nkg”wrqp”ugxgtcn”hcevqtu.”
uwej”cu””vjg”nqecvkqp.”vjg”rctvkekrcvkqp”qh “tgpqypgf”cevqtu”kp”vjg”Þgnf.”
qt”vjg”hggnkpiu”vjcv”ctkug”htqo”rctvkekrcvkqp0″Oquv”qhvgp”vjgug”gxgpvu”
dtkpi”vqigvjgt”fkhhgtgpv”rgthqtocpegu”cpf”gzjkdkvkqpu”vjtqwijqwv”kvu”
rtqitco.”uwej”cu”vjg”dguv”ctvkuvu”kp”vjgkt”Þgnf.”cpf”uqogvkogu”kpenwfkpi”c”fkfcevke”eqorqpgpv”hqt”vjg”rwdnke”*Igv¦.”3;;9+0″Vjgtg”ctg”ocp{”
tghgtgpegu”kp”vjg”nkvgtcvwtg”cdqwv”vjg”dgpgÞvu”qh “ewnvwtcn”hguvkxcnu”hqt”
fguvkpcvkqpu”*Rtgpvkeg”cpf”Cpfgtugp.”4225=”Dcejngkvpgt”cpf”¥kpu.”3;;4=”
Uftcnk”cpf”Ejc¦crk.”4229=”Uokvj.”4226+0
Qvjgt”gxgpvu<“ogic”urqtvu”gxgpvu”cpf”egngdtcvkqpu0
Sports celebrations
Evidence from literature suggest that hosting small sport tourism
gxgpvu”rtqxkfg”cp”geqpqoke”xcnwg”vq”vjg”ctgc”fwg”vq”vqwtkuvuÔ”gzrgpfkvwtgu”*Fcpkgnu”cpf”Pqtocp.”4225=”Xgnvtk”et al., 2009). In most cases
vjg”geqpqoke”dgpgÞvu”qwvygkij”vjg”equvu”ikxgp”vjg”rtg/gzkuvgpeg”qh ”
hceknkvkgu”wugf”cpf”dgecwug”kv”cvvtcevu”rgqrng”yjq”yqwnf”pqv”jcxg”xkukvgf”vjg”fguvkpcvkqp”kh “vjg”urqtvu”gxgpv”fkf”pqv”vcmg”rnceg”*Ejcnkr”cpf”
QÔDtkgp.”422:+0″Vjku”ku”c”hcuv”itqykpi”ugiogpv”kp”vgtou”qh “dqvj”kpfkvidual and collective sports due to its potential to attract visitors, for
getting media attention and its economic impact too. For this reason,
rwdnke”ocpcigtuÔ”uvtcvgikgu”ctg”kpetgcukpin{“fgukipgf”vq”gpeqwtcig”vjku”
v{rg”qh “gxgpv”ykvj”vjg”nctiguv”pwodgt”qh “rctvkekrcpvu”cpf”urgevcvqtu”
cu”rquukdng”*Cnngp”et al., 2002).
Mega events
Vjg”ogic”gxgpvu”ecp”dg”fgÞpgf”cu”ujqtv/vgto”gxgpvu.”dwv”ykvj”nqpi”
ncuvkpi”eqpugswgpegu”qh “xctkqwu”v{rgu.”cpf”cvvtcevkpi”c”nctig”pwodgt”
qh “kpvgtpcvkqpcn”vqwtkuvu”*Tqejg.”4228+0″Vjg”uk¦g”cpf”urgekcn”pcvwtg”qh ”
this type of event transcends the entire economy of a city or region, or
gxgp”qp”c”ukping”eqwpvt{0″Kp”vjku”ecvgiqt{“ecp”dg”kpenwfgf”vjg”Qn{orke”
Icogu.”Yqtnf”Ewr.”Vgppku”Qrgp.”Wpkxgtucn”Gzjkdkvkqpu”qt”hguvkxcnu”qh “
;8 GXGPV”VQWTKUO”CPCN[UKU
itgcv”korcev”cu”uqog”Ectpkxcnu”*Igv¦.”3;;9=”Cnngp”et al..”4224=”Rtqpk.”
422;=”C¦gxgfq”cpf”Htgkvcu.”4234+0″Vjg{“gcukn{“dgeqog”mg{“gngogpvu”kp”
tourism development strategies in many regions and countries in the
rtgugpv”eqpvgzv”qh “kpetgcugf”eqorgvkvkqp”coqpi”igqitcrjke”fguvkpcvkqpu”yjq”Þgtegn{“eqorgvg”hqt”kvu”qticpk¦cvkqp”*Igv¦.”4229=”Ecpcnk”
and D’ Angella, 2009).
Uwej” gxgpvu” jqnf” c” uvtqpi” geqpqoke” korcev” kp” vjg” jquv” eqoowpkv{.”jcxg”vjg”rqvgpvkcn”vq”cvvtcev”c”nctig”pwodgt”qh “xkukvqtu.”cpf”
dgpgÞv”htqo”vjg”inqdcn”ogfkc”eqxgtcig0″Vjg{“cnuq”rtqxkfg”tgeqipkvkqp”hqt”vjg”qticpk¦gtu”yjgp”vjg{“jcxg”c”eqpukfgtcdng”korcev”qp”wtdcp”fgxgnqrogpv”kpxqnxkpi”pgy”vtgpfu”kp”rncppkpi”cpf”kp”nqpi/vgto”
uvtcvgi{” vq” dqquv” vqwtkuo” vjtqwij” rwdnke” cpf” rtkxcvg” kpxguvogpvu”
cpf”tgpgygf”kphtcuvtwevwtgu”*Mko”cpf”Ejcnkr.”4226=”Ocifcnkpumk”cpf”
Pcwtkijv.”4226=”Ejcnkr.”4229+0″Ugvvkpi”wr”ogic”gxgpvu”jcu”c”xgt{“jkij”
equv”vq”vjg”jquv”eqwpvt{“cpf”vjg”ekv{.”uq”kv”tgswktgu”c”uvtqpi”rwdnke”
eqookvogpv”cpf”rwdnke”cpf”rtkxcvg”Þpcpekcn”eqpvtkdwvkqpu”*Dccfg”
cpf”Ocvjguqp.”4226+0
EQPENWUKQPU
The current article addressed the events from the perspective of the
vqwtkuo”ugevqt”cu”vjg{“jcxg”dgeqog”cp”korqtvcpv”ctgc”hqt”fguvkpcvkqp”
managers, who have understood the importance of hosting events to
destination image and positioning. The study of these dimensions will
igpgtcvg”c”dgvvgt”wpfgtuvcpfkpi”qh “vjg”rtqeguu”qh “kocig”hqtocvkqp”cpf”
vjg”eqpvtkdwvkqp”qh “gxgpvu”vq”fguvkpcvkqp”kocig”cpf”vjg”fgxgnqrogpv”
qh “uwuvckpcdng”vqwtkuo”qhhgtu0
The results of this study analysed the types of events and how they
can improve tourism offers and increase demand, and at the same time
eqpvtkdwvg”vq”ejcpigu”kp”vjg”fguvkpcvkqp”kocig0″Gxgpvu”ecp”ghhgevkxgn{”
dg”c”etwekcn”tguqwteg”vq”cvvtcev”fkhhgtgpv”ugiogpvu”qh “xkukvqtu.”ceeqtfkpi”
vq”vjg”v{rg”cpf”wpkswgpguu”qh “vjg”gxgpv”dgkpi”rncppgf”cpf”vjg”swcnkv{“qh “kvu”rtqoqvkqp0″Vjku”kornkgu”vjg”pggf”vq”cuuguu”vjg”eqpvtkdwvkqp”
qh “gxgpvu”pqv”qpn{“kp”vgtou”qh “fktgev”Þpcpekcn”tgxgpwgu.”dwv”cnuq”kp”
vgtou”qh “vjgkt”eqpvtkdwvkqp”vq”vjg”etgcvkqp”qh “c”rqukvkxg”kocig”hqt”vjg”
fguvkpcvkqp”ckogf”cv”etgcvkpi”uvtqpi”cpf”gpfwtkpi”dqpfu”ykvj”xkukvqtu0
Hwvwtg”tgugctej”ujqwnf”dg”fktgevgf”vq”vjg”gorktkecn”gxcnwcvkqp”qh ”
the impact of events in the formation of destination image, with speekcn”gorjcuku”qp”vjg”ghhgevu”qh “gxgpvÔu”dtcpfkpi”cpf”rqukvkqpkpi”uvtcvgikgu”qp”rnceg”dtcpfkpi”rqnkekgu0″Vjg”Þpfkpiu”qh “vjqug”uvwfkgu”oc{“dg”
rctvkewnctn{“xcnwcdng”hqt”vqwtkuo”ocpcigtu”kp”vjg”fgxgnqrogpv”qh “fguvkpcvkqp”dtcpfu”uwrrqtvkpi”octmgvkpi”cpf”kpxguvogpvu”rncpu.”ectghwnn{”
designed to compete with other places with similar traits.
JGTPéPFG¥/OQIQNNðP.”HQNICFQ/HGTPéPFG¥”(“FWCTVG ;9
TGHGTGPEGU
Cnjgoqwf.”C0″(“Ctouvtqpi.”G0″*3;;8+<“$Kocig”qh “Vqwtkuo”Cvvtcevkqpu”kp”Mwyckv$.”Lqwtpcn”qh “Vtcxgn”Tgugctej.”56″*6+.”rr0″98/:20
Cnngp.”L0.”QÔVqqng.”Y0.”Oefqppgnn.”K0″(“Jcttku.”T0″*4224+<“Hguvkxcn”cpf”
urgekcn”gxgpv”ocpcigogpv.”Lqjp”Ykng{“(“Uqpu.”Kpe.”Oknvqp.”Swggpuncpf.”
Australia.
Cpfgtuuqp.”V0″(“Igv¦.”F0″*422:c+<“$Uvcmgjqnfgt”Ocpcigogpv”Uvtcvggies of Festivals, Lqwtpcn”qh “Eqpxgpvkqp”(“Gxgpv”Vqwtkuo.”9 (3), pp.199-220.
Cpfgtuuqp.”V0″(“Igv¦.”F0″*422:d+<“$Uwuvckpcdng”Hguvkxcnu<“qp”dgeqokpi”cp”kpuvkvwvkqp$.”Gxgpv”Ocpcigogpv.”34.”rr03/390
C¦gxgfq.”F0″(“Htgkvcu.”T0″*4234+<“$Qu”ghgkvqu”fq”ogicgxgpvq”Tkq”
Ectpcxcn”4234″pc”uqekgfcfg$.”ZXKK”Eqpitguuq”fg”Ek‒pekcu”fc”Eqowpkec›«q”pc”Tgik«q”Uwfguvg”/”Qwtq”Rtgvq”/”OI”Ï”4:”c”52128142340
Dccfg.”T0″(“Ocvjguqp.”X0″*4226+<“$Vjg”Swguv”hqt”vjg”Ewr<“Cuuguukpi”vjg”Geqpqoke”Korcev”qh “vjg”Yqtnf”Ewr$.”Tgikqpcn”Uvwfkgu.”38 (4)
pp. 343-354.
Dcejngkvpgt.”T0″(“¥kpu.”C0″*3;;4+<$Ewnvwtcn”vqwtkuo”kp”twtcn”eqoowpkvkgu<”
vjg”tgukfgpvÔu”rgturgevkxg$.”Lqwtpcn”qh “Dwukpguu”Tgugctej, 44 (3), pp. 199-209.
Dcnqinw.”U0″(“Ocpicnqinw.”O0″*4223+<“$Vqwtkuo”Fguvkpcvkqpu”Kocigu”qh “Vwtmg{.”Gi{rv.”Itggeg.”cpf”Kvcn{“cu”Rgtegkxgf”d{“WUÏDcugf”
Vqwt”Qrgtcvqtu”cpf”Vtcxgn”Cigpvu$.”Vqwtkuo”Ocpcigogpt, 22(1), pp. 1-9.
Dkipfi.”G.”Hqpv.”Z0″(“Cpftgw.”N0″*4222+<“Octmgvkpi”fg”fguvkpqu”vwt‡uvk/
cos, Ed. GUKE.”Ocftkf0
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kuo”Ocpcigogpv.”44*8+.”rr<“829Ï8380
Dqq.”U0″(“Dwuugt.”L0″*4228+<“$Korcev”cpcn{uku”qh “c”vqwtkuo”hguvkxcn”qp”
vqwtkuv”fguvkpcvkqp”kocig$.”Gxgpv”Ocpcigogpv.”;*6+”rr0445Ï4590
Dqygp.”J0″(“Fcpkgnu.”O0″*4227+<“$Fqgu”vjg”owuke”ocvvgtA”Oqvkxcvkqpu”hqt”cvvgpfkpi”c”owuke”hguvkxcn$.“Gxgpv”Ocpcigogpv.”;”*5+.”rr0″377/3860
Ecpcnk.”U0″(“F)Cpignnc.”H0″*422;+<“$Ocpcikpi”Ewnvwtcn”Gxgpvu”cpf”
Oggvkpiu”Cevkxkvkgu”kp”Gwtqrgcp”wtdcp”Fguvkpcvkqpu$.”Kpvgtpcvkqpcn”Lqwt/
pcn”qh “Ctvu”Ocpcigogpv.”33″*5+”rr07;/940
Egdcnnqu/Ncuewtckp.”J0″*3;;3+<“$Vqwtkuo.”geqvqwtkuo”cpf”rtqvgevgf”
ctgcu$.”Rctmu, 2 (3), pp. 31–35.
Ejcnkr.”N0″*4229+<“$Vqyctfu”Uqekcn”Ngxgtcig”qh “Urqtv”Gxgpvu$.”Lqwt/
pcn”qh “Urqtv”cpf”Vqwtkuo.”11 (2) pp. 1-19.
Ejqp.”M0″*3;;2+<“$Vjg”tqng”qh “fguvkpcvkqp”kocig”kp”vqwtkuo<“c”tgxkgy”cpf”fkuewuukqp$.”Vqwtkuo”Tgxkgy, 45(2), pp. 2-9.
Etqorvqp.”L0″*3;9;+<“$Oqvkxcvkqpu”hqt”rngcuwtg”xcecvkqp$.”Cppcnu”qh ”
Vqwtkuo”Tgugctej.”8″*6+”rr062:/6460
Etqorvqp.”L0″(“OeMc{.”U0″*3;;9+<“$Oqvkxgu”qh “xkukvqtu”cvvgpfkpi”
hguvkxcn”gxgpvu$.”Cppcnu”qh “Vqwtkuo”Tgugctej, 24(2), pp. 425-439.
98 GXGPV”VQWTKUO”CPCN[UKU
Etqwej.”I0″(“Tkvejkg.”L0T0D0″*3;;;+<“$Vqwtkuo.”eqorgvkvkxgpguu”cpf”
uqekgvcn”rtqurgtkv{$.”Lqwtpcn”qh “Dwukpguu”Tgugctej.”66.”rr0″359/3740
Fcpkgnu.”O0″(“Pqtocp.”Y0″*4225+<“$Guvkocvkpi”vjg”geqpqoke”korcevu”qh “ugxgp”tgiwnct”urqtv”vqwtkuo”gxgpvu$.”Lqwtpcn”qh “Urqtv”Vqwtkuo,
8, pp. 214–222.
Fcpp.”I0″*3;;8+<“$VqwtkuvuÔ”kocigu”qh “c”fguvkpcvkqp/Cp”cnvgtpcvkxg”
cpcn{uku$.”Lqwtpcn”qh “Vtcxgn”(“Vqwtkuo”Octmgvkpi, 5 (1-2), pp.41–55.
Fkdd.”U0.”Ukomkp.”N0.”Rtkfg.”Y0″O0″(“Hgttgn.”Q0″*4228+<“Octmgvkpi”Eqp/
egrvu”cpf”Uvtcvgikgu.”Jqwijvqp”Okhàkp.”Pgy”[qtm0
Fy{gt.”N0″(“Hqtu{vj.”R0″*422;+<“$Rwdnke”Ugevqt”Uwrrqtv”hqt”Urgekcn”
Gxgpvu$.”Gcuvgtp”Geqpqoke”Lqwtpcn, 35(4) pp. 481-499.
Gurgkvz.” G0″ *4226+<” $Rcvtkoqpkq” cnkogpvctkq” {” vwtkuoq<” wpc” tgncek„p”ukpiwnct$.“RCUQU.”Tgxkuvc”fg”Vwtkuoq”{“Rcvtkoqpkq”Ewnvwtcn, 2 (2),
pp.193-213.
Gxcpu.”I0″*4225+<“$Jctf/dtcpfkpi”vjg”ewnvwtcn”ekv{/htqo”Rtcfq”vq”
Rtcfc$.” Kpvgtpcvkqpcn” Lqwtpcn” qh ” Wtdcp” cpf” Tgikqpcn” Tgugctej.” 49*4+.” rr0″
639Ï6620
Hkgnfu.”M0″*4224+<“Fgocpf”hqt”vjg”icuvtqpqo{“vqwtkuo”rtqfwev<“oqvkxcvkqpcn”
hcevqtu.”kp”Jlcncigt.”C0″O.”Tkejctfu.”I0″*gfkvu0+”rr0″58/72.”Vqwtkuo”cpf”
Icuvtqpqo{.”Tqwvngfig.”Nqpfqp0
Hngkuejgt.”C0″*4222+<“$Vjg”vqwtkuv”dgjkpf”vjg”rknitko”kp”vjg”Jqn{”
Ncpf$.”Kpvgtpcvkqpcn”Lqwtpcn”qh “Jqurkvcnkv{“Ocpcigogpv.”3;.”rr0″533/5480
Hqtokec.”U0″*3;;:+<“$Vjg”fgxgnqrogpv”qh “hguvkxcnu”cpf”urgekcn”gxgpvu”
uvwfkgu$.”Hguvkxcn”Ocpcigogpv”cpf”Gxgpv”Vqwtkuo.”7*5+.”rr0″353/3590
Htcpeku.”N0.”OcpuÞgnf.”U0.”Yknnkcou.”G0″(“Xknncig.”C0″*4232+<“$Crrn{-
ing psychological type theory to cathedral visitor: a case study of two
ecvjgftcnu”kp”Gpincpf”cpf”Ycngu$.”Xkukvqt”Uvwfkgu.”35″*4+.”rr0″397/3:80
Icnnct¦c.”O0.”Ikn.”K0″(“Ecnfgt„p.”J0″*4224+<“$Fguvkpcvkqp”kocig<”
vqyctfu”c”eqpegrvwcn”htcogyqtm$.”Cppcnu”qh “Vqwtkuo”Tgugctej, 29 (1),
rr<“78/9:0
Igv¦.”F0″*3;;9+<“$Gxgpv”Ocpcigogpv”cpf”Gxgpv”Vqwtkuo$.”Eqipk/
¦cpv”Eqoowpkecvkqpu.”Pgy”[qtm0
Igv¦.” F0″ *3;:;+<” $Urgekcn” gxgpvu<” FgÞpkpi” vjg” rtqfwev$.”Vqwtkuo”
Ocpcigogpv.”32″*4+.”rr0″347/3590
Igv¦.”F0″*3;;3c+<“Hguvkxcnu.”urgekcn”gxgpvu.”cpf”vqwtkuo.”Xcp”Pquvtcpf”
Tgkpjqnf.”Pgy”[qtm0
Igv¦.”F0″*3;;3d+<“$Cuuguukpi”vjg”Geqpqoke”Korcevu”qh “Hguvkxcnu”
cpf”Gxgpvu<“Tgugctej”Kuuwgu$.”Lqwtpcn”qh “Crrnkgf”Tgetgcvkqp”Tgugctej.”38″
*3+.”rr0″83/990
Igv¦.”F0″*4222+<“Fgxgnqrkpi”c”tgugctej”cigpfc”hqt”vjg”gxgpv”ocpcigogpv”
Þgnf0″Kp”L0″Cnngp.”gv”cn0″*Gfu0+.”Gxgpvu”dg{qpf”4222<“Ugvvkpi”vjg”cigpfc.”
proceedings of conference on event evaluation, research and educavkqp”*rr0″32Ï43+0″U{fpg{<“Cwuvtcnkcp”Egpvtg”hqt”Gxgpv”Ocpcigogpv.”
University of Technology.
JGTPéPFG¥/OQIQNNðP.”HQNICFQ/HGTPéPFG¥”(“FWCTVG 99
Igv¦.”F0″*4229+<“Gxgpv”Uvwfkgu”/”Vjgqt{.”Tgugctej”cpf”rqnke{“hqt”rncppgf”
gxgpvu.”Dwvvgtyqtvj/Jgkpgocpp.”Qzhqtf0
Igv¦”F0″*422:+<“$Gxgpv”vqwtkuo<“FgÞpkvkqp.”gxqnwvkqp.”cpf”tgugctej$.”
Vqwtkuo”Ocpcigogpv.”29 (3), pp. 403-428.
Igv¦.”F0″(“Htkud{.”Y0″*3;::+<“$Gxcnwcvkpi”ocpcigogpv”ghhgevkxgpguu”
kp”eqoowpkv{/twp”hguvkxcnu$.”Lqwtpcn”qh “Vtcxgn”Tgugctej.”49.”rr0″44Ï490
Igv¦.”F0″(“Uokvj.”U0″*3;;6+<“Hguvkxcnu”cpf”Gxgpv”Vqwtkuo<“Ugngevgf”Kp/
vgtpcvkqpcn”Rgturgevkxgu.”Tgrqtv”rtgrctgf”hqt”vjg”Ueqvvkuj”Vqwtkuv”Dqctf.”
Ecnict{0
Iqnfdncvv.”L0″*4229+<“Urgekcn”gxgpvu<“Vjg”tqqvu”cpf”ykpiu”qh “egngdtcvkqp, 5ª
gf0″Ykng{.”Pgy”[qtm0
Jcnn.”E0″*3;;4+<“Jcnnoctm”Vqwtkuo”gxgpvu<“Korcevu.”Ocpcigogpv”(“Rncp/
ning.”Dgnjcxgp”Rtguu.”Nqpfqp0
Jcnn.”O0″(“Okvejgnn.”T0″*4223+<“Ykpg”cpf”hqqf”vqwtkuo.”Fqwincu.”P0″(”
Derrett, R. (edits.) Urgekcn”Kpvgtguv”Vqwtkuo<“Eqpvgzv”cpf”Ecugu. John Wiley
(“Uqpu.”Dtkudcpg.”rr0″529″/45;0
Jcttku.”T0.”Lciq.”N0.”Cnngp.”L0″(“Jw{umgpu.”O0″*4223+<“$Vqyctfu”cp”
Cwuvtcnkcp”gxgpv”tgugctej”cigpfc<“Hktuv”uvgru$.”Gxgpv”Ocpcigogpv.”8*6+.”
pp.213–221.
Jgfg.”C0.”Lciq.”N0″(“Fggt{.”O0″*4224+<“$Urgekcn”gxgpv”tgugctej”3;;2Ï
4223<“Mg{“vtgpfu”cpf”kuuwgu$.”Kp”Gxgpvu”cpf”rnceg”octmgvkpi.”rtqeggfkpiu”
qh “vjg”cwuvtcnkcp”eqphgtgpeg”hqt”gxgpv”ocpcigogpv.”rr0″557Ï55:.”U{fpg{<“Wpkversity of Technology.
Jgpfgtuqp.”L0″*422;+<“$Hqqf”vqwtkuo”tgxkgygf$.”Dtkvkuj”Hqqf”Lqwtpcn,
333*6+.”rr0″539/5480
Jgtpƒpfg¦.”L0.”Ecor„p.”C0″(“Icte‡c.”L0″*4233+<“$Rtqrqucnu”hqt”vjg”
development and eqoogtekcnk¦cvkqp”qh “dktf”ycvejkpi”vqwtkuo”kp”Gzvtgocfwtc$.”Ewcfgtpqu”fg”Vwtkuoq, 28, pp. 93-119.
Jlcncigt.”C0″*4225+<“$Yjcv”fq”vqwtkuvu”gcv”cpf”yj{A”Vqyctfu”c”uqekqnqi{“qh “icuvtqpqo{“cpf”vqwtkuo$.”kp”rcrgt”rtgugpvgf”cv”vjg”icuvtqpqo{“cpf”vqwtkuo.”CVNCU”g”Gzrgtv”oggvkpi.”Ucpftkq”*Kvcn{+”43/45”
Pqxkgodtg”42240
Jwpv.”L0″*3;97+<“$Kocig”cu”c”hcevqt”kp”vqwtkuo”fgxgnqrogpv$.”Lqwtpcn”
qh “Vtcxgn”Tgugctej.”35″*5+.”rr0″3/90
Lciq.”N0.”Ejcnkr.”N0.”Dtqyp.”C0.”Owngu.”V0″(“Cnk.”U0″*4225+<“$Dwknfkpi”
gxgpvu”kpvq”fguvkpcvkqp”dtcpfkpi<“kpukijvu”htqo”gzrgtvu$.”Gxgpv”Ocp/
cigogpv.”8(1) pp. 3-14.
Lciq.”N0″(“Ujcy.”T0″*3;;:+<“$Urgekcn”gxgpvu<“c”eqpegrvwcn”cpf”fgÞpkvkqpcn”htcogyqtm$.”Hguvkxcn”Ocpcigogpv”(“Gxgpv”Vqwtkuo, 5 (12), pp. 21-32.
Lcpkumgg.”T0″*3;:2+<“$Uqwvj”EctqnkpcÔu”jctxguv”hguvkxcnu<“twtcn”fgnkijvu”
hqt”fc{“vtkrrkpi”wtdcpkvgu$.”Lqwtpcn”qh “Ewnvwtcn”Igqitcrj{.”3″*Hcnn1Ykpvgt+.”rr0″;8/3260
Lgpmkpu.”Q0″*3;;;+<“$Wpfgtuvcpfkpi”cpf”ogcuwtkpi”vqwtkuv”fguvkpcvkqp”kocigu$.”Kpvgtpcvkqpcn”Lqwtpcn”qh “Vqwtkuo”Tgugctej, 1, pp. 1-15.
100 GXGPV”VQWTKUO”CPCN[UKU
Mko.”P0″(“Ejcnkr.”N0″*4226+<“$Yj{“Vtcxgn”vq”HKHC”Yqtnf”EwrA”Ghhgevu”qh “Oqvkxgu.”Dcemitqwpf.”Kpvgtguv.”cpf”Eqpuvtckpvu$.”Vqwtkuo”Ocp/
cigogpv.”47″*8+.”rr0″8;7/9290
Mko.”U0″(“Rgvtkem.”L0″*4227+<“$TgukfgpvuÔ”rgtegrvkqpu”qp”korcevu”qh ”
vjg”HKHC4224″Yqtnf”Ewr<“Vjg”ecug”qh “Ugqwn”cu”c”jquv”ekv{$.”Vqwtkuo”
Ocpcigogpv.“48.”rr0″47/5:
Mkxgnc.”L0″(“Etqvvu.”L0″*4228+<“$Vqwtkuo”cpf”icuvtqpqo{<“icuvtqpqo{Łu”
kpàwgpeg”qp”jqy”vqwtkuvu”gzrgtkgpeg”c”fguvkpcvkqp$.”Lqwtpcn”qh “Jqurkvcn/
kv{“(“Vqwtkuo”Tgugctej.”52″*5+.”rr0576/5990
Mqnd.”D0″*4228+<“Vqwtkuo”octmgvkpi”hqt”ekvkgu”cpf”vqypu/”wukpi”dtcpfkpi”cpf”
gxgpvu”vq”cvvtcev”vqwtkuvu.”Gnugxkgt”Dwvvgtyqtvj/Jgkpgocpp.”Couvgtfco0
Mwp¦ocpp.” M0″ *4226+<” $Ewnvwtg.” etgcvkxkv{” cpf” urcvkcn” rncppkpi$”
Vqyp”Rncppkpi”Tgxkgy.”97″*6+.”rr0″5:5/6260
Laws, E. (1995): Vqwtkuo”Fguvkpcvkqp”Ocpcigogpv0″Kuuwgu”Cpcn{uku”cpf”
Rqnkekgu. Routledge, London.
Ngg.”E”(“Vc{nqt.”V0<“$Etkvkecn”tgàgevkqpu”qp”vjg”geqpqoke”korcev”
cuuguuogpv”qh “c”ogic/gxgpv<“vjg”ecug”qh “4224”HKHC”Yqtnf”Ewr$.”Vqwt/
kuo”Ocpcigogpv.”48″*6+.”rr0″7;7/8250
Ngg.”E0.”Ngg.”[0″(“Ngg.”D0″*4227+<“$MqtgcÔu”fguvkpcvkqp”kocig”hqtogf”
d{“vjg”4224″yqtnf”ewr$.”Cppcnu”qh “Vqwtkuo”Tgugctej, 32(4), pp. 839-858.
Ngy.”C0″*3;:9+<“$C”htcogyqtm”qh “vqwtkuv”cvvtcevkqp”tgugctej$.”An/
pcnu”qh “Vqwtkuo”Tgugctej.”36.”rr0″775/7970
Nk.”Y0″*4226+<“$Gpxktqpogpvcn”ocpcigogpv”kpfkecvqtu”hqt”geqvqwtkuo”kp”EjkpcÔu”pcvwtg”tgugtxgu<“C”ecug”uvwf{“kp”Vkcpowujcp”Pcvwtg”Tgugtxg$.”Vqwtkuo”Ocpcigogpv.”47*7+.”rr0″77;/7860
Nko.”U0″(“Ngg.”L0″*4228+<“$Jquv”rqrwncvkqp”rgtegrvkqpu”qh “vjg”korcev”qh “ogic/gxgpvu$.”Cukc”RcekÞe”Lqwtpcn”qh “Vqwtkuo”Tgugctej.”11 (4),
rr0″629/6430
Nkpfdgti.”M0″*3;;3+<“Geqpqoke”rqnkekgu”hqt”oczkok¦kpi”pcvwtg”vqwtkuoÔu”
eqpvtkdwvkqp” vq” uwuvckpcdng” fgxgnqrogpv, World Resource Institute, Washkpivqp.”FE0
Ocifcnkpumk.”V.”(“Pcwtkijv.”L0″*4226+<“Vjg”Eqoogtekcnkucvkqp”qh “vjg”
Qn{orkeu0″Kp<“Vjg”Eqoogtekcnkucvkqp”qh “Urqtv.”Tqwvngfig.”Nqpfqp.”WM0″
Oqpic.”O0″*4228+<“$Ogcuwtkpi”oqvkxcvkqp”vq”xqnwpvggt”hqt”urgekcn”
gxgpvu$.”Gxgpv”Ocpcigogpv.”32.”rr0″69/830
Oqwvkpjq.”N0″*3;:9+<“$Eqpuwogt”dgjcxkqwt”kp”vqwtkuo$.”Gwtqrgcp”
Lqwtpcn”qh “Octmgvkpi, 21 (10), pp: 5-44.
Owttc{.”O0″(“Itcjco.”D0″*3;;9+<“$Gzrnqtkpi”vjg”fkcngvkeu”qh “tqwvg/
dcugf”vqwtkuo<“vjg”Ecokpq”fg”Ucpvkciq$, Vqwtkuo”Ocpcigogpv, 18 (8), pp.
513-524.
Pqncp.”O0″(“Pqncp.”U0″*3;;4+<“Tgnkikqwu”ukvgu”cu”vqwtkuo”cvvtcevkqpu”
in Europe, Cppcnu”qh “Vqwtkuo”Tgugctej.”3;*3+.”rr0″8:/9:0
QÔdtkgp.”F.”(“Ejcnkr.”N0″*422:+<“Urqtv”gxgpvu”cpf”uvtcvgike”ngxgtcikpi<”
Rwujkpi”vqyctfu”vjg”vtkrng”dqvvqo”nkpg0″Kp”C0″Yqqfukfg”(“F0″Octvkp”*Gfu0+.”
JGTPéPFG¥/OQIQNNðP.”HQNICFQ/HGTPéPFG¥”(“FWCTVG 101
Vqwtkuo”ocpcigogpv<“Cpcn{uku.”dgjcxkqwt”cpf”uvtcvgi{“*rr0″53:Ï55:+0”
ECD”Kpvgtpcvkqpcn.”Ycnnkpihqtf.”Qzhqtf0
Qnugp.”F0″*4225+<“$Jgtkvcig.”vqwtkuo.”cpf”vjg”eqooqfkÞecvkqp”qh ”
tgnkikqp$.”Vqwtkuo”Tgetgcvkqp”Tgugctej.”28(3), pp. 99-104.
Rkmg.”U0″*4224+<“$Fguvkpcvkqp”kocig”cpcn{uku/c”tgxkgy”qh “364”rcrgtu”
htqo”3;95″vq”4222$.”Vqwtkuo”Ocpcigogpv, 23 (5), pp. 541-549.
Rqpeg.”O0″*4229+<“$Vwtkuoq”fg”tgwpkqpgu”gp”nc”ekwfcf”fg”Owtekc0″
Wp”gphqswg”fgufg”gn”vglkfq”gortguctkcn”kpxqnwetcfq$.”Ewcfgtpqu”fg”
Turismo, 19, pp. 105-131.
Rtgpvkeg.”T0″(“Cpfgtugp.”W0″*4225+<“$Gxqmkpi”Ktgncpf<“Oqfgnkpi”
vqwtkuv”rtqrgpukv{$.”Cppwcnu”qh “Vqwtkuo”Tgugctej.”49″*4+.”rr0″6;2/7380
Rtgudwt{.”T0″(“Gfyctfu.”F0″*4227+<“$Kpeqtrqtcvkpi”uwuvckpcdknkv{”
kp”oggvkpiu”cpf”gxgpv”Ocpcigogpv”gfwecvkqp$.”Kpvgtpcvkqpcn”Lqwtpcn”qh ”
Gxgpvu”Ocpcigogpv”Tgugctej.”1(1), pp. 30-45.
Rtkvejctf.”C0″(“Oqticp.”P0″*4223+<“$Ewnvwtg.”kfgpvkv{“cpf”vqwtkuo”
tgrtgugpvcvkqp<“octmgvkpi”E{otw”qt”YcnguA$.”Vqwtkuo”Ocpcigogpv. 22
*4+.”rr0″389/39;0
Rtqpk.”O0″*422;+<“$Qdugtxc›‰gu”uqdtg”qu”korcevqu”geqp»okequ”gurgtcfqu”fqu”lqiqu”qn‡orkequ”fg”4238$.”Oqvtkxkx‒pekc.”Cpq”ZZK.”p³”
54155.”r0″6;/920
Swcp.”U0″(“Ycpi.”P0″*4226+<“$Vqyctfu”c”uvtwevwtcn”oqfgn”qh “vqwtkuv”
gzrgtkgpeg<“cp”knnwuvtcvkqp”htqo”hqqf”gzrgtkgpegu”kp”vqwtkuo$.”Vqwtkuo”
Ocpcigogpv.”47.”rr0″4;9/5270
Tcl.”T0″(“Oqtrgvj.”P0″*4229+<“Tgnkikqwu”vqwtkuo”cpf”rknitkocig”hguvkxcnu”ocpcig/
ogpv<“Cp”kpvgtpcvkqpcn”rgturgevkxg.”Qzhqtfujktg<“ECDK”Rwdnkujkpi.”Ycnnkpihqtf0
Tkpuejgfg.”I0″*3;;4+<“$Hqtou”qh “tgnkikqwu”vqwtkuo$.”Cppcnu”qh “Vqwt/
kuo”Tgugctej.”3;*3+.”rr0″73/890
Tkvejkg.”L0″*3;:6+<“$Cuuguukpi”vjg”korcev”qh “jcnnoctm”gxgpvu<“Eqpegrvwcn”cpf”tgugctej”kuuwgu$.”Lqwtpcn”qh “Vtcxgn”Tgugctej, 23 (1), pp. 2-11.
Tkvejkg.”L0D0T”(“Etqwej.”I0″*4232+<“$C”oqfgn”qh “fguvkpcvkqp”eqorgvkvkxgpguu1″uwuvckpcdknkv{<“Dtc¦knkcp”rgturgevkxgu$.”Tgxkuvc”fg”Cfokvtc/
›«q”R¿dnkec.”66″*7+.”rr0″326;/32880
Tqejg.”O0″*4228+<“$Ogic/gxgpvu”cpf”oqfgtpkv{“tgxkukvgf<“Inqdcnk¦cvkqp”cpf”vjg”ecug”qh “vjg”Qn{orkeu$.”Uqekqnqikecn”Tgxkgy, 54, pp. 25–40.
Uftcnk.”F0″(“Ejc¦crk.”M0″*4229+<“Ewnvwtcn”vqwtkuo”kp”Itggm”kpuwnct”
community: The residents perspective, Vqwtkuoqu<“Cp”Kpvgtpcvkqpcn”Ownvk/
Fkuekrnkpct{“Lqwtpcn”qh “Vqwtkuo.”4*4+.”rr0″83/9:0
Ujgtyqqf.”R0″(“Lciq.”N0=”Iggt{.”O0″*4227+<“$Wpnqemkpi”Vjg”Vtkrng”
Dqvvqo”Nkpg”Qh “Urgekcn”Gxgpv”Gxcnwcvkqpu<“Yjcv”ctg”vjg”Mg{“KorcevuA$”.”Vjg”Korcev”qh “Gxgpvu.”Rtqeggfkpiu”qh “Kpvgtpcvkqpcn”Gxgpv”Tgugctej”
Eqphgtgpeg.”Cwuvtcnkcp”Egpvtg”hqt”Gxgpv”Ocpcigogpv.”rr0″38/54.”Ukfpg{0
Ukogqp.”O0″(“Dwqpkpeqpvtk.”R0″*4233+<“$Ewnvwtcn”Gxgpv”cu”c”Vgttkvqtkcn”
Octmgvkpi”Vqqn<“Vjg”Ecug”qh “vjg”Tcxgnnq”Hguvkxcn”qp”vjg”Kvcnkcp”CocnÞ”
Eqcuv$.”Lqwtpcn”qh “Jqurkvcnkv{“Octmgvkpi”(“Ocpcigogpv.”42″*5+.”rr0″5:7/6280
102 GXGPV”VQWTKUO”CPCN[UKU
Uokvj.”O0″*4226+<“$Uggkpi”c”pgy”ukfg”vq”ugcukfgÔu”ewnvwtcnn{“tgigpgtcvkpi”vjg”
Gpinkuj”ugcukfg”vqyp$.”Kpvgtpcvkqpcn”Lqwtpcn”qh “Vqwtkuo”Tgugctej.”8″*3+.”rr0″3904:0
Uokvj.”X0″*3;;4+<“$Kpvtqfwevkqp.”Vjg”iwguv”kp”iwguv$.”Cppcnu”qh “Vqwt/
kuo”Tgugctej, 3;*3+.”rr0″3/390
Uvqmgu.”T0″*4227+<“$Pgvyqtm‐dcugf”uvtcvgi{“ocmkpi”hqt”gxgpvu”vqwtkuo$.”Gwtqrgcp”Lqwtpcn”qh “Octmgvkpi.”62″*718+.”rr0″8:4/8;70
Uyctdtqqmg.”L0″*3;;7+<“Jgtkvcig”vqwtkuo”kp”vq”Vjg”43uv”Egpvwt{0″Kp”
Ugcvqp.”C0″*gf0+”Vqwtkuo<“Vjg”Uvcvg”Qh “Ctv.”Ejkejguvgt<“Ykng{0
Vc{nqt.”T0″(“Ujcpmc.”V0″*422:+<“$Ecwug”hqt”gxgpv<“pqv/hqt/rtqÞv”octmgvkpi”vjtqwij”rctvkekrcpv”urqtvu”gxgpvu$.”Lqwtpcn”qh “Octmgvkpi”Ocpcig/
ogpv, 24 (9-10), pp. 945-958
Vjtcpg.” E0″ *4224+<” $Lc¦¦” hguvkxcn” xkukvqtu” cpf” vjgkt” gzrgpfkvwtgu<”
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