Concept Map Template
Primary Diagnosis: ___________________________________________________________
1. Describe the pathophysiology of the primary diagnosis in your own words. What are the patient’s risk factors for this diagnosis?
Pathophysiology of Primary Diagnosis
Causes
Risk Factors (genetic/ethnic/physical)
2. What are the patient’s signs and symptoms for this diagnosis? How does the diagnosis impact other body systems and what are the possible complications?
Signs and Symptoms – Common presentation
How does the diagnosis impact each body system? Complications?
3. What are other potential diagnosis that present in a similar way to this diagnosis (differentials)?
4. What diagnostic tests or labs would you order to rule out the differentials for this patient or confirm the primary diagnosis?
5. What treatment options would you consider? Include possible referrals and medications.
Here’s a filled-out concept map template for a primary diagnosis:
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**Primary Diagnosis:** Diabetes Mellitus Type 2
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### 1. Describe the Pathophysiology of the Primary Diagnosis in Your Own Words. What Are the Patient’s Risk Factors for This Diagnosis?
**Pathophysiology of Primary Diagnosis:**
Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. In this condition, the body’s cells do not respond effectively to insulin, a hormone that regulates blood glucose levels. As a result, glucose accumulates in the bloodstream, leading to hyperglycemia. Over time, the pancreas may also produce less insulin, exacerbating the condition.
**Causes:**
– Obesity
– Sedentary lifestyle
– Poor dietary habits
– Genetic predisposition
**Risk Factors (Genetic/Ethnic/Physical):**
– **Genetic:** Family history of diabetes
– **Ethnic:** Higher prevalence in African American, Hispanic, Native American, and Asian populations
– **Physical:** Overweight or obesity, particularly central adiposity
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### 2. What Are the Patient’s Signs and Symptoms for This Diagnosis? How Does the Diagnosis Impact Other Body Systems and What Are the Possible Complications?
**Signs and Symptoms – Common Presentation:**
– Increased thirst (polydipsia)
– Frequent urination (polyuria)
– Increased hunger (polyphagia)
– Unexplained weight loss
– Fatigue
– Blurred vision
– Slow-healing sores or frequent infections
**How Does the Diagnosis Impact Each Body System? Complications:**
– **Cardiovascular System:** Increased risk of heart disease, hypertension, and stroke
– **Respiratory System:** Potential for obstructive sleep apnea
– **Nervous System:** Neuropathy leading to numbness and tingling, especially in extremities
– **Digestive System:** Gastroparesis
– **Musculoskeletal System:** Joint and muscle problems, increased risk of osteoporosis
– **Renal System:** Nephropathy, potentially leading to kidney failure
– **Integumentary System:** Poor wound healing, increased risk of infections
– **Endocrine System:** Dyslipidemia, contributing to cardiovascular risk
**Complications:**
– Diabetic retinopathy and potential blindness
– Foot ulcers leading to amputation
– Chronic kidney disease
– Increased risk of infections
– Cardiovascular diseases
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### 3. What Are Other Potential Diagnoses That Present in a Similar Way to This Diagnosis (Differentials)?
– Hyperthyroidism
– Cushing’s syndrome
– Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
– Chronic kidney disease
– Metabolic syndrome
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### 4. What Diagnostic Tests or Labs Would You Order to Rule Out the Differentials for This Patient or Confirm the Primary Diagnosis?
– Fasting blood glucose test
– HbA1c (Glycated hemoglobin test)
– Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)
– Serum insulin levels
– C-peptide levels
– Thyroid function tests (to rule out hyperthyroidism)
– 24-hour urine cortisol (to rule out Cushing’s syndrome)
– Renal function tests (creatinine, eGFR)
– Lipid profile
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### 5. What Treatment Options Would You Consider? Include Possible Referrals and Medications.
**Medications:**
– Metformin (first-line therapy)
– Sulfonylureas (e.g., glipizide, glyburide)
– DPP-4 inhibitors (e.g., sitagliptin)
– GLP-1 receptor agonists (e.g., exenatide)
– SGLT2 inhibitors (e.g., canagliflozin)
– Insulin therapy (if necessary)
**Possible Referrals:**
– Endocrinologist for specialized diabetes management
– Dietitian for nutritional counseling
– Podiatrist for foot care and prevention of ulcers
– Ophthalmologist for regular eye exams to monitor for retinopathy
– Cardiologist for cardiovascular risk assessment and management
**Other Treatment Options:**
– Lifestyle modifications including a balanced diet, regular exercise, and weight loss
– Blood glucose monitoring
– Education on diabetes self-management
– Smoking cessation programs (if applicable)
– Regular follow-up and monitoring for complications
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This template provides a structured approach to understanding and managing a primary diagnosis, ensuring comprehensive patient care.
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