Using the video from Episode 6 on Mr. Fallbrook, answer two of the following prompt. Please identify each prompt you answer by number and restate the question in bold letters.
Prompt 1: Explain in detail the pathogenesis on how Mr. Fallbrook’s gastroenteritis leads to sepsis and then ARF.
Prompt 2: Research the medication Enalapril. Explain its uses, dosage, and side effects.
Prompt 3: Explain the different types of Acute Renal Failure and which type Mr. Fallbrook falls under.
Prompt 4: Explain the different types of dialysis and how they are used
**Prompt 3: Explain the different types of Acute Renal Failure and which type Mr. Fallbrook falls under.**
Acute Renal Failure (ARF), also known as Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), is a sudden loss of kidney function that occurs over a short period of time, leading to a buildup of waste products and fluids in the body. There are three main types of ARF:
**Prerenal ARF:** This type of ARF is caused by factors external to the kidneys that reduce blood flow to the kidneys, leading to decreased perfusion and oxygen delivery. Common causes include hypovolemia (low blood volume), hypotension (low blood pressure), and conditions that affect renal blood flow such as heart failure or sepsis.
**Intrinsic ARF:** Intrinsic ARF occurs due to damage to the kidney tissues themselves, leading to impaired kidney function. Causes of intrinsic ARF include acute tubular necrosis (ATN) due to ischemia (lack of blood flow) or nephrotoxic injury from substances such as certain medications, contrast agents, or toxins.
**Postrenal ARF:** Postrenal ARF results from obstruction of urinary flow downstream from the kidneys, preventing the excretion of urine. Causes of postrenal ARF include urinary tract obstruction due to kidney stones, tumors, or enlarged prostate gland.
In the case of Mr. Fallbrook, his gastroenteritis likely led to severe dehydration and hypovolemia, which reduced blood flow to the kidneys (prerenal ARF). This decreased perfusion to the kidneys resulted in ischemic injury to the renal tubules, leading to acute tubular necrosis (intrinsic ARF). Additionally, the development of sepsis further exacerbated kidney damage and dysfunction.
Therefore, Mr. Fallbrook’s acute renal failure likely falls under the category of prerenal ARF initially due to hypovolemia and subsequent intrinsic ARF due to ischemic injury from severe dehydration and sepsis.
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